{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2119586505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2004.825930","title":"Facial Expression Recognition Using Constructive Feedforward Neural Networks","display_name":"Facial Expression Recognition Using Constructive Feedforward Neural Networks","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2119586505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2004.825930","mag":"2119586505","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15484928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2004.825930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170378","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part B (Cybernetics)","issn_l":"1083-4419","issn":["1083-4419","1941-0492"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"letter","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034063536","display_name":"Liying Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9373-1301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng. Concordia Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng. Concordia Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009555575","display_name":"K. Khorasani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6919-3889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Khorasani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng. Concordia Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng. Concordia Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"ngrams","cited_by_count":250,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.909091,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"3","first_page":"1588","last_page":"1595"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9928,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sadness","display_name":"Sadness","score":0.53928983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-network","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","score":0.5187933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43637857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.4267865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7000724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6323453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5741749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5499704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779812673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169251","display_name":"Sadness","level":3,"score":0.53928983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5337058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.5187933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.45369557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43637857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.4267865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3812164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779302386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871","display_name":"Anger","level":2,"score":0.13660151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.087105215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2004.825930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170378","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part B (Cybernetics)","issn_l":"1083-4419","issn":["1083-4419","1941-0492"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15484928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486447856","https://openalex.org/W1516573478","https://openalex.org/W1541007220","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1788984484","https://openalex.org/W2023383366","https://openalex.org/W2027265522","https://openalex.org/W2035669857","https://openalex.org/W2040139364","https://openalex.org/W2042481239","https://openalex.org/W2049580542","https://openalex.org/W2082370871","https://openalex.org/W2096764219","https://openalex.org/W2099791377","https://openalex.org/W2101393962","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2109779438","https://openalex.org/W2114766824","https://openalex.org/W2117941247","https://openalex.org/W2133180260","https://openalex.org/W2133640977","https://openalex.org/W2134273960","https://openalex.org/W2142544077","https://openalex.org/W2160947254","https://openalex.org/W2165866200","https://openalex.org/W2582944404","https://openalex.org/W376638947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243434126","https://openalex.org/W346645540","https://openalex.org/W3198870284","https://openalex.org/W2519456985","https://openalex.org/W2119012436","https://openalex.org/W2093522521","https://openalex.org/W2071993326","https://openalex.org/W2002225084","https://openalex.org/W1991697485","https://openalex.org/W1761974557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1],"technique":[2,71,198],"for":[3,101,113,126,159],"facial":[4,36,86,128],"expression":[5,37,87],"recognition":[6,151,191,218],"is":[7,48,72,146],"proposed,":[8],"which":[9],"uses":[10],"the":[11,19,46,52,58,63,66,105,139,142,149,160,167,171,186,194,196],"two-dimensional":[12],"(2D)":[13],"discrete":[14],"cosine":[15],"transform":[16],"(DCT)":[17],"over":[18],"entire":[20],"face":[21],"image":[22],"as":[23,34],"a":[24,28,35,75],"feature":[25],"detector":[26],"and":[27,93,104,115,124,133,155,162,210,217],"constructive":[29,53],"one-hidden-layer":[30,200],"feedforward":[31,201],"neural":[32,202],"network":[33,59,102,122,173,203],"classifier.":[38],"An":[39],"input-side":[40,168],"pruning":[41,181],"technique,":[42],"proposed":[43,70,197],"previously":[44],"by":[45,176],"authors,":[47],"also":[49],"incorporated":[50],"into":[51],"learning":[54],"process":[55],"to":[56,74,137],"reduce":[57],"size":[60],"without":[61],"sacrificing":[62],"performance":[64,140,219],"of":[65,78,80,96,108,141,170,207],"resulting":[67],"network.":[68,144],"The":[69],"applied":[73],"database":[76],"consisting":[77],"images":[79,88,107],"60":[81],"men,":[82],"each":[83],"having":[84],"five":[85],"(neutral,":[89],"smile,":[90],"anger,":[91,131],"sadness,":[92,132],"surprise).":[94],"Images":[95],"40":[97],"men":[98,110],"are":[99,111,135,153,174],"used":[100,112,136],"training,":[103],"remaining":[106],"20":[109],"generalization":[114,125,216],"testing.":[116],"Confusion":[117],"matrices":[118],"calculated":[119],"in":[120,193],"both":[121],"training":[123,161],"four":[127],"expressions":[129],"(smile,":[130],"surprise)":[134],"evaluate":[138],"trained":[143],"It":[145],"demonstrated":[147],"that":[148],"best":[150],"rates":[152],"100%":[154],"93.75%":[156],"(without":[157],"rejection),":[158],"generalizing":[163],"images,":[164],"respectively.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"weights":[169],"constructed":[172],"reduced":[175],"approximately":[177],"30%":[178],"using":[179],"our":[180],"method.":[182],"In":[183],"comparison":[184],"with":[185,204],"fixed":[187],"structure":[188],"back":[189],"propagation-based":[190],"methods":[192],"literature,":[195],"constructs":[199],"fewer":[205],"number":[206],"hidden":[208],"units":[209],"weights,":[211],"while":[212],"simultaneously":[213],"provide":[214],"improved":[215],"capabilities.":[220]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2119586505","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2025-01-24T05:38:38.122035","created_date":"2016-06-24"}