{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4372333090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3273210","title":"Confluence: A Robust Non-IoU Alternative to Non-Maxima Suppression in Object Detection","display_name":"Confluence: A Robust Non-IoU Alternative to Non-Maxima Suppression in Object Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4372333090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3273210","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37145942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3273210","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00257","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024455123","display_name":"Andrew Shepley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-4967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90745801","display_name":"University of New England","ror":"https://ror.org/04r659a56","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90745801"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Shepley","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90745801"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067122110","display_name":"Greg Falzon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-9357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Falzon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056913502","display_name":"Paul Kwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4959-5274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Kwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Melbourne Institute of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Melbourne Institute of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030470010","display_name":"Ljiljana Brankovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-4627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90745801","display_name":"University of New England","ror":"https://ror.org/04r659a56","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90745801"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ljiljana Brankovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90745801"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.385,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999956,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"10","first_page":"11561","last_page":"11574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.724789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.6487524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxima","display_name":"Maxima","score":0.48376226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confluence","display_name":"Confluence","score":0.46613285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.42939013}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.724789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.6487524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6183225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.53244483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48907334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91528185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520952","display_name":"Maxima","level":3,"score":0.48376226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.48368293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.48142597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46975756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77906462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140902","display_name":"Confluence","level":2,"score":0.46613285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.42939013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3710236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36332783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14312813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.12543014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.085152656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554144382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213156","display_name":"Performance art","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3273210","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00257","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00257","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37145942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00257","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00257","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113785293","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1932624639","https://openalex.org/W2036578256","https://openalex.org/W2152813046","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2289200400","https://openalex.org/W2543223618","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2606609115","https://openalex.org/W2612624696","https://openalex.org/W2612939589","https://openalex.org/W2625286981","https://openalex.org/W2748850194","https://openalex.org/W2775738386","https://openalex.org/W2798542761","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2886904239","https://openalex.org/W2891752445","https://openalex.org/W2910565448","https://openalex.org/W2912514498","https://openalex.org/W2915554174","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2937358712","https://openalex.org/W2944770233","https://openalex.org/W2946007398","https://openalex.org/W2948770160","https://openalex.org/W2949227935","https://openalex.org/W2949436339","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963769056","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W2967636939","https://openalex.org/W2976516052","https://openalex.org/W2979322734","https://openalex.org/W2979723353","https://openalex.org/W2982260528","https://openalex.org/W2991329367","https://openalex.org/W2993182889","https://openalex.org/W3014251189","https://openalex.org/W3022720926","https://openalex.org/W3026176584","https://openalex.org/W3035216685","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W3037129132","https://openalex.org/W3042838430","https://openalex.org/W3046188730","https://openalex.org/W3049170732","https://openalex.org/W3080853015","https://openalex.org/W3082231033","https://openalex.org/W3088496855","https://openalex.org/W3091982744","https://openalex.org/W3093600664","https://openalex.org/W3095724863","https://openalex.org/W3095925033","https://openalex.org/W3110797720","https://openalex.org/W3114980642","https://openalex.org/W3115734461","https://openalex.org/W3120409519","https://openalex.org/W3120590512","https://openalex.org/W3125728987","https://openalex.org/W3127796662","https://openalex.org/W3135711914","https://openalex.org/W3138063840","https://openalex.org/W3143765501","https://openalex.org/W3158261146","https://openalex.org/W3159591545","https://openalex.org/W3163696279","https://openalex.org/W3171162369","https://openalex.org/W3173018607","https://openalex.org/W3175630421","https://openalex.org/W3179092682","https://openalex.org/W3187011621","https://openalex.org/W4232668130","https://openalex.org/W4244952642","https://openalex.org/W4293437100","https://openalex.org/W4297684591","https://openalex.org/W639708223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W2945311944","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W2387360586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Confluence":[0,94,144,151],"is":[1,78,95,145],"a":[2,31,42,85,153],"novel":[3],"non-Intersection":[4],"over":[5],"Union":[6],"(IoU)":[7],"alternative":[8],"to":[9,29,49,68,80,162],"Non-Maxima":[10],"Suppression":[11],"(NMS)":[12],"in":[13,17,156,165],"bounding":[14,37,51,71,157,166],"box":[15,38,52,76,83,158,167],"post-processing":[16],"object":[18],"detection.":[19],"It":[20],"overcomes":[21],"the":[22,75,99,141],"inherent":[23],"limitations":[24],"of":[25,36],"IoU-based":[26],"NMS":[27,149],"variants":[28],"provide":[30],"more":[32,146],"stable,":[33],"consistent":[34],"predictor":[35],"clustering":[39],"by":[40,108,116,131],"using":[41],"normalized":[43],"Manhattan":[44],"Distance":[45],"inspired":[46],"proximity":[47],"metric":[48],"represent":[50],"clustering.":[53],"Unlike":[54],"Greedy":[55,123],"and":[56,88,102,110,113,118,124,135],"Soft":[57],"NMS,":[58],"it":[59],"does":[60],"not":[61],"rely":[62],"solely":[63],"on":[64,98],"classification":[65],"confidence":[66],"scores":[67],"select":[69],"optimal":[70],"boxes,":[72],"instead":[73],"selecting":[74],"which":[77],"closest":[79],"every":[81],"other":[82],"within":[84],"given":[86],"cluster":[87],"removing":[89],"highly":[90],"confluent":[91],"neighboring":[92],"boxes.":[93],"experimentally":[96],"validated":[97],"MS":[100],"COCO":[101],"CrowdHuman":[103],"benchmarks,":[104],"improving":[105],"Average":[106,114],"Precision":[107],"0.2--2.7%":[109],"1--3.8%":[111],"respectively":[112],"Recall":[115],"1.3--9.3":[117],"2.4--7.3%":[119],"when":[120],"compared":[121],"against":[122],"Soft-NMS":[125],"variants.":[126,150],"Quantitative":[127],"results":[128],"are":[129],"supported":[130],"extensive":[132],"qualitative":[133],"analysis":[134,138],"threshold":[136],"sensitivity":[137],"experiments":[139],"support":[140],"conclusion":[142],"that":[143],"robust":[147],"than":[148],"represents":[152],"paradigm":[154],"shift":[155],"processing,":[159],"with":[160],"potential":[161],"replace":[163],"IoU":[164],"regression":[168],"processes.":[169]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4372333090","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-01-09T02:59:01.960973","created_date":"2023-05-07"}