{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396783545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3398728","title":"UNETR++: Delving Into Efficient and Accurate 3D Medical Image Segmentation","display_name":"UNETR++: Delving Into Efficient and Accurate 3D Medical Image Segmentation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396783545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3398728","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38722726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3398728","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/4359023/10526382.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/4359023/10526382.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079602015","display_name":"Abdelrahman Shaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-4057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelrahman Shaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034370385","display_name":"Muhammad Maaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3869-631X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Maaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064948724","display_name":"Hanoona Rasheed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanoona Rasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000300751","display_name":"Salman Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-1749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418319","display_name":"Ming\u2013Hsuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4848-2304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Hsuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA","Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100760570","display_name":"Fahad Shahbaz Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4263-3143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahad Shahbaz Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohamed bin Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohamed bin Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":48.485,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999951,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"9","first_page":"3377","last_page":"3390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.4720353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flops","display_name":"FLOPS","score":0.42134672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dice","display_name":"Dice","score":0.41996318}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7621446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6001799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5330948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49133316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.47894317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.47711614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.4720353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.45387924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3826847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188768","display_name":"FLOPS","level":2,"score":0.42134672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22029948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089","display_name":"Dice","level":2,"score":0.41996318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3998812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22782901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11964759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.11018944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3398728","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/4359023/10526382.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.04497","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.04497","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38722726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3398728","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/4359023/10526382.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.65}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641498739","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2463818697","https://openalex.org/W2464708700","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2598666589","https://openalex.org/W2604785265","https://openalex.org/W2608631154","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2791680898","https://openalex.org/W2804047627","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2915126261","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W3015788359","https://openalex.org/W3030515889","https://openalex.org/W3033529678","https://openalex.org/W3089416392","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3153770398","https://openalex.org/W3168491317","https://openalex.org/W3203480968","https://openalex.org/W3203841574","https://openalex.org/W3204166336","https://openalex.org/W3204255739","https://openalex.org/W4212875960","https://openalex.org/W4221163766","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4292387496","https://openalex.org/W4308610041","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4312543911","https://openalex.org/W4312568229","https://openalex.org/W4320036918","https://openalex.org/W4321232185","https://openalex.org/W4323654151","https://openalex.org/W4384159609","https://openalex.org/W4387211248","https://openalex.org/W4391756091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366341510","https://openalex.org/W3104750253","https://openalex.org/W3021239166","https://openalex.org/W2906397153","https://openalex.org/W2890643743","https://openalex.org/W2586273397","https://openalex.org/W2483429559","https://openalex.org/W2390936256","https://openalex.org/W2016385589","https://openalex.org/W2009559548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Owing":[0],"to":[1,33,38,52,150,232],"the":[2,18,21,27,39,44,63,108,151,163,181,196,233,237],"success":[3],"of":[4,26,95,104,110,129,165,198,203,220],"transformer":[5,19],"models,":[6,20],"recent":[7],"works":[8],"study":[9],"their":[10],"applicability":[11],"in":[12,58,93,201,236],"3D":[13,66,76],"medical":[14,60,77],"segmentation":[15,79,87],"tasks.":[16],"Within":[17],"self-attention":[22,45],"mechanism":[23],"is":[24,107,142],"one":[25],"main":[28],"building":[29],"blocks":[30],"that":[31,83,118,171],"strives":[32],"capture":[34],"long-range":[35],"dependencies,":[36],"compared":[37,231],"local":[40],"convolutional-based":[41],"design.":[42],"However,":[43],"operation":[46],"has":[47,145],"quadratic":[48],"complexity":[49,147],"which":[50],"proves":[51],"be":[53],"a":[54,75,111,127,173,213,217],"computational":[55],"bottleneck,":[56],"especially":[57],"volumetric":[59],"imaging,":[61],"where":[62],"inputs":[64],"are":[65,243],"with":[67,148,216],"numerous":[68],"slices.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73,161],"propose":[74],"image":[78],"approach,":[80],"named":[81],"UNETR++,":[82],"offers":[84],"both":[85,204],"high-quality":[86],"masks":[88],"as":[89,91],"well":[90],"efficiency":[92,205],"terms":[94,202],"parameters,":[96],"compute":[97],"cost,":[98],"and":[99,122,135,144,158,167,193,206,226,241],"inference":[100],"speed.":[101],"The":[102],"core":[103],"our":[105,199,210],"design":[106],"introduction":[109],"novel":[112],"efficient":[113,143],"paired":[114],"attention":[115,140],"(EPA)":[116],"block":[117],"efficiently":[119],"learns":[120],"spatial":[121,134,139,157],"channel-wise":[123],"discriminative":[124],"features":[125],"using":[126],"pair":[128],"inter-dependent":[130],"branches":[131],"based":[132],"on":[133,186],"channel":[136],"attention.":[137],"Our":[138,183,239],"formulation":[141],"linear":[146],"respect":[149],"input.":[152],"To":[153],"enable":[154],"communication":[155],"between":[156],"channel-focused":[159],"branches,":[160],"share":[162],"weights":[164],"query":[166],"key":[168],"mapping":[169],"functions":[170],"provide":[172],"complimentary":[174],"benefit":[175],"(paired":[176],"attention),":[177],"while":[178,222],"also":[179],"reducing":[180,224],"complexity.":[182],"extensive":[184],"evaluations":[185],"five":[187],"benchmarks,":[188],"Synapse,":[189,209],"BTCV,":[190],"ACDC,":[191],"BraTS,":[192],"Decathlon-Lung,":[194],"reveal":[195],"effectiveness":[197],"contributions":[200],"accuracy.":[207],"On":[208],"UNETR++":[211],"sets":[212],"new":[214],"state-of-the-art":[215],"Dice":[218],"Score":[219],"87.2%,":[221],"significantly":[223],"parameters":[225],"FLOPs":[227],"by":[228],"over":[229],"71%,":[230],"best":[234],"method":[235],"literature.":[238],"code":[240],"models":[242],"available":[244],"at:":[245],"https://tinyurl.com/2p87x5xn.":[246]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4396783545","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-01-02T15:49:35.809542","created_date":"2024-05-10"}