{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311080970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3216468","title":"Exploring Bias in Sclera Segmentation Models: A Group Evaluation Approach","display_name":"Exploring Bias in Sclera Segmentation Models: A Group Evaluation Approach","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311080970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3216468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3216468","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/9970396/09926136.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/9970396/09926136.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103266823","display_name":"Matej Vitek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9824-2136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matej Vitek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana (UL), Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana (UL), Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025520963","display_name":"Abhijit Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-0582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhijit Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS), Pilani, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS), Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064904850","display_name":"Diego R. Lucio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2012-3676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52418104","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05syd6y78","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diego Rafael Lucio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026966525","display_name":"Luiz A. Zanlorensi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2545-0588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52418104","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05syd6y78","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz Antonio Zanlorensi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033489756","display_name":"David Menotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2430-2030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52418104","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05syd6y78","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Menotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010935335","display_name":"Jalil Nourmohammadi Khiarak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1928-9081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jalil Nourmohammadi Khiarak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology (WUT), Warszawa, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology (WUT), Warszawa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053924570","display_name":"Mohsen Akbari Shahpar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41832843","display_name":"University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/01papkj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Akbari Shahpar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082152327","display_name":"Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7892-9675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41832843","display_name":"University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/01papkj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022760233","display_name":"Farhang Jaryani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8374-6681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35510649","display_name":"Arak University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngrq502","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35510649"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhang Jaryani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Arak University (AU), Arak, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Arak University (AU), Arak, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35510649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017736954","display_name":"Juan Tapia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9159-4075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan E. Tapia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Internet-Security Research Group (da/sec), Hochschule Darmstadt (HDA), Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Internet-Security Research Group (da/sec), Hochschule Darmstadt (HDA), Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076727734","display_name":"Andr\u00e9s Valenzuela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-1541"},"institutions":[],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andres Valenzuela","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D Center, TOC Biometrics (TOC), Santiago, Chile"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D Center, TOC Biometrics (TOC), Santiago, Chile","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013785510","display_name":"Caiyong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7341-3904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62853816","display_name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj0p855","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caiyong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (BUCEA), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (BUCEA), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398969","display_name":"Liang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3535-308X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (NLPR), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (NLPR), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101869968","display_name":"Zhaofeng He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaofeng He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055505703","display_name":"Zhenan Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (NLPR), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (NLPR), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028035125","display_name":"Fadi Boutros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4516-9128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadi Boutros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Darmstadt, Germany","Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059766088","display_name":"Naser Damer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-7895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser Damer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Darmstadt, Germany","Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051969456","display_name":"Jonas Henry Grebe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Henry Grebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046597105","display_name":"Arjan Kuijper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-0061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arjan Kuijper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Darmstadt, Germany","Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089066381","display_name":"Kiran Raja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-5161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Raja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102869754","display_name":"Gourav Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3122-1976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gourav Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056824101","display_name":"Georgios Zampoukis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147962203","display_name":"Democritus University of Thrace","ror":"https://ror.org/03bfqnx40","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Zampoukis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065366456","display_name":"Lazaros Tsochatzidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4634-7419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147962203","display_name":"Democritus University of Thrace","ror":"https://ror.org/03bfqnx40","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazaros Tsochatzidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011001189","display_name":"Ioannis Pratikakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4124-3688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147962203","display_name":"Democritus University of Thrace","ror":"https://ror.org/03bfqnx40","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Pratikakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010579097","display_name":"Sanjay Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6888-7275"},"institutions":[],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. V. Aruna Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068835900","display_name":"B. S. Harish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-0640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137436","display_name":"JSS Science and Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mnmkz07","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137436"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. S. Harish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University (JSS STU), Mysuru, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University (JSS STU), Mysuru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068803496","display_name":"Umapada Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-2618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umapada Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) Kolkata, Kolkata, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) Kolkata, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027730478","display_name":"Peter Peer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9744-4035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Peer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana (UL), Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana (UL), Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038322250","display_name":"Vitomir \u0160truc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-5780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitomir Struc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Machine Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana (UL), Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Machine Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana (UL), Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":10,"institutions_distinct_count":17,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.216,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.737033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"190","last_page":"205"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.99,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sclera","display_name":"Sclera","score":0.8432165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.44766286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777100477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193107","display_name":"Sclera","level":2,"score":0.8432165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8344965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.8152677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7407857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5459208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.51101434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5098526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.44766286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3485373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3410403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3216468","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/9970396/09926136.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=180131&dn=","pdf_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=180131&dn=","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196268","display_name":"Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","host_organization_name":"University of Ljubljana","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Ljubljana"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12556/RUL-154008","pdf_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=180131&dn=","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196268","display_name":"Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","host_organization_name":"University of Ljubljana","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Ljubljana"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/430935","pdf_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/bitstreams/169cc9e1-91c4-44d1-9f56-e3778e61a8cc/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3216468","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/9970396/09926136.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.78}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","award_id":"P2-0214"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","award_id":"P2-0250(B)"}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482253155","https://openalex.org/W148280441","https://openalex.org/W1551509530","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1951183756","https://openalex.org/W1964308594","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W2013988101","https://openalex.org/W2014477740","https://openalex.org/W2024178148","https://openalex.org/W2037255814","https://openalex.org/W2100143326","https://openalex.org/W2127395443","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2208605948","https://openalex.org/W2208917183","https://openalex.org/W2290639651","https://openalex.org/W2512927792","https://openalex.org/W2546523198","https://openalex.org/W2550744163","https://openalex.org/W2616399473","https://openalex.org/W2786059825","https://openalex.org/W2786379433","https://openalex.org/W2788442476","https://openalex.org/W2796364736","https://openalex.org/W2804927761","https://openalex.org/W2819500789","https://openalex.org/W2890036715","https://openalex.org/W2891396062","https://openalex.org/W2894269546","https://openalex.org/W2899663614","https://openalex.org/W2914036220","https://openalex.org/W2944289193","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964290628","https://openalex.org/W2987900835","https://openalex.org/W2994828068","https://openalex.org/W2997820082","https://openalex.org/W3006576515","https://openalex.org/W3008850441","https://openalex.org/W3011248942","https://openalex.org/W3014560393","https://openalex.org/W3035232573","https://openalex.org/W3097003645","https://openalex.org/W3103714885","https://openalex.org/W3114415986","https://openalex.org/W3117739277","https://openalex.org/W3118953353","https://openalex.org/W3120191541","https://openalex.org/W3133760384","https://openalex.org/W3162758246","https://openalex.org/W3171953908","https://openalex.org/W3172942063","https://openalex.org/W3179610792","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3191274772","https://openalex.org/W3202305482","https://openalex.org/W4206687860","https://openalex.org/W4213159058","https://openalex.org/W4214633470","https://openalex.org/W4246413330","https://openalex.org/W4250482878","https://openalex.org/W4285451951","https://openalex.org/W4289293239","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4299978048","https://openalex.org/W4312679716","https://openalex.org/W4385805121","https://openalex.org/W46659105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231764886","https://openalex.org/W3035533296","https://openalex.org/W2811048914","https://openalex.org/W2767198796","https://openalex.org/W2353746516","https://openalex.org/W2081283125","https://openalex.org/W1995633573","https://openalex.org/W1982479144","https://openalex.org/W1522196789","https://openalex.org/W144671092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bias":[0],"and":[1,21,70,77,150,201,223,258,261],"fairness":[2,78],"of":[3,10,24,36,55,79,91,106,109,126,140,183,214,250,272],"biometric":[4,46,93],"algorithms":[5],"have":[6],"been":[7,39],"key":[8,89],"topics":[9],"research":[11,133],"in":[12,111,177,192,238,269],"recent":[13,141],"years,":[14],"mainly":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,67,136,209,230,242,254],"the":[18,52,72,100,104,124,138,193,198,204,211,248,262,270],"societal,":[19],"legal":[20],"ethical":[22],"implications":[23],"potentially":[25],"unfair":[26],"decisions":[27],"made":[28],"by":[29],"automated":[30],"decision-making":[31],"models.":[32,82],"A":[33],"considerable":[34,97],"amount":[35,249],"work":[37],"has":[38],"done":[40],"on":[41,99],"this":[42,63,120],"topic":[43],"across":[44,197],"different":[45,107,178],"modalities,":[47],"aiming":[48],"at":[49],"better":[50],"understanding":[51],"main":[53],"sources":[54],"algorithmic":[56],"bias":[57,76,251],"or":[58],"devising":[59],"mitigation":[60],"measures.":[61],"In":[62],"work,":[64],"we":[65,122,169,217,235],"contribute":[66],"these":[68],"efforts":[69],"present":[71],"first":[73],"study":[74,151],"investigating":[75],"sclera":[80,84,112,142,174],"segmentation":[81,85,113,143,175,195,264,274],"Although":[83],"techniques":[86],"represent":[87],"a":[88,96,127,146,244],"component":[90],"sclera-based":[92],"systems":[94],"with":[95,221,278],"impact":[98],"overall":[101,194,263],"recognition":[102],"performance,":[103,265],"presence":[105],"types":[108],"biases":[110],"methods":[114],"is":[115],"still":[116],"underexplored.":[117],"To":[118],"address":[119],"limitation,":[121],"describe":[123],"results":[125,182],"group":[128],"evaluation":[129],"effort":[130],"(involving":[131],"seven":[132,171,199],"groups),":[134],"organized":[135],"explore":[137],"performance":[139,152,196],"models":[144,176,200],"within":[145],"common":[147],"experimental":[148,179],"framework":[149],"differences":[153,191],"(and":[154],"bias),":[155],"originating":[156],"from":[157],"various":[158],"demographic":[159],"as":[160,162],"well":[161],"environmental":[163],"factors.":[164],"Using":[165],"five":[166],"diverse":[167],"datasets,":[168],"analyze":[170],"independently":[172],"developed":[173],"configurations.":[180],"The":[181],"our":[184],"experiments":[185],"suggest":[186],"that":[187,202,219,237,267],"there":[188,240],"are":[189],"significant":[190],"among":[203],"considered":[205],"factors,":[206],"ethnicity":[207,257],"appears":[208,241],"be":[210,243],"biggest":[212],"cause":[213],"bias.":[215,280],"Additionally,":[216],"observe":[218],"training":[220],"representative":[222],"balanced":[224],"data":[225],"does":[226],"not":[227],"necessarily":[228],"lead":[229],"less":[231],"biased":[232],"results.":[233],"Finally,":[234],"find":[236],"general":[239],"negative":[245],"correlation":[246],"between":[247],"observed":[252],"(due":[253],"eye":[255],"color,":[256],"acquisition":[259],"device)":[260],"suggesting":[266],"advances":[268],"field":[271],"semantic":[273],"may":[275],"also":[276],"help":[277],"mitigating":[279]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4311080970","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2024-12-12T10:22:02.852069","created_date":"2022-12-23"}