{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037560939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2020.3003988","title":"Fast Free-Text Authentication via Instance-Based Keystroke Dynamics","display_name":"Fast Free-Text Authentication via Instance-Based Keystroke Dynamics","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037560939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2020.3003988","mag":"3037560939"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2020.3003988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2020.3003988","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089082199","display_name":"Blaine Ayotte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1909-4951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16944753","display_name":"Clarkson University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rwgpn18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blaine Ayotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085141819","display_name":"Mahesh K. Banavar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3916-7137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16944753","display_name":"Clarkson University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rwgpn18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahesh Banavar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007134697","display_name":"Daqing Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8401-7157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16944753","display_name":"Clarkson University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rwgpn18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daqing Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032143229","display_name":"Stephanie Schuckers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-9642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16944753","display_name":"Clarkson University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rwgpn18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Schuckers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.653,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999983,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"377","last_page":"387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9782,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-dynamics","display_name":"Keystroke Dynamics","score":0.9875045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.6124203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79540074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269465","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","level":4,"score":0.9875045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.82427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6674411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.6124203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5932365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5455962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.47992545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4689039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.46626028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.42754355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4080683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3692509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14777341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.07965201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2020.3003988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.09337","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.09337","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2020.3003988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation","award_id":"1314792"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation","award_id":"1650503"}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499649544","https://openalex.org/W1500690868","https://openalex.org/W1515219102","https://openalex.org/W1522237958","https://openalex.org/W1540596182","https://openalex.org/W1967000320","https://openalex.org/W1975341011","https://openalex.org/W1983159352","https://openalex.org/W1992305526","https://openalex.org/W2021958428","https://openalex.org/W2045011071","https://openalex.org/W2083358597","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2107589078","https://openalex.org/W2116679772","https://openalex.org/W2129905273","https://openalex.org/W2136928336","https://openalex.org/W2141605726","https://openalex.org/W2144547885","https://openalex.org/W2170979474","https://openalex.org/W2355061182","https://openalex.org/W2395966097","https://openalex.org/W2494513982","https://openalex.org/W2575313616","https://openalex.org/W2577076311","https://openalex.org/W2766640141","https://openalex.org/W2787175445","https://openalex.org/W2787281119","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2972755011","https://openalex.org/W2989344066","https://openalex.org/W3146166473","https://openalex.org/W4241115065","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W87013505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3185561589","https://openalex.org/W3008338658","https://openalex.org/W2982224826","https://openalex.org/W274642192","https://openalex.org/W2545016324","https://openalex.org/W2155670618","https://openalex.org/W2095735921","https://openalex.org/W1966864883","https://openalex.org/W1917645424","https://openalex.org/W1563893514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Keystroke":[0,37],"dynamics":[1,38,90],"study":[2],"the":[3,14,66,75,88,131,143,168],"way":[4],"in":[5,87,103],"which":[6],"users":[7],"input":[8],"text":[9],"via":[10],"their":[11],"keyboards.":[12],"Having":[13],"ability":[15],"to":[16,32,50,73,80,100,136],"differentiate":[17],"users,":[18],"typing":[19],"behaviors":[20],"can":[21],"unobtrusively":[22],"form":[23,137],"a":[24,27,59,118,138],"component":[25],"of":[26,77,110,163,175],"behavioral":[28],"biometric":[29],"recognition":[30],"system":[31],"improve":[33],"existing":[34],"account":[35],"security.":[36],"systems":[39],"on":[40],"free-text":[41],"data":[42],"have":[43],"previously":[44],"required":[45,79],"500":[46],"or":[47],"more":[48],"characters":[49],"achieve":[51,152],"reasonable":[52],"performance.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57,151],"propose":[58],"novel":[60],"instance-based":[61,67],"graph":[62],"comparison":[63],"algorithm":[64],"called":[65],"tail":[68],"area":[69],"density":[70],"(ITAD)":[71],"metric":[72],"reduce":[74],"number":[76],"keystrokes":[78],"authenticate":[81],"users.":[82],"Additionally,":[83],"commonly":[84],"used":[85],"features":[86,112,133],"keystroke":[89],"literature,":[91],"such":[92],"as":[93],"monographs":[94],"and":[95,122,147,159,165,177],"digraphs,":[96],"are":[97,134],"all":[98],"found":[99],"be":[101],"useful":[102],"informing":[104],"who":[105],"is":[106,115],"typing.":[107],"The":[108],"usefulness":[109],"these":[111],"for":[113,157,167],"authentication":[114],"determined":[116],"using":[117],"random":[119],"forest":[120],"classifier":[121],"validated":[123],"across":[124],"two":[125],"publicly":[126],"available":[127],"datasets.":[128],"Scores":[129],"from":[130],"individual":[132],"fused":[135,144],"single":[139],"matching":[140,145],"score.":[141],"With":[142],"score":[146],"our":[148],"ITAD":[149],"metric,":[150],"equal":[153],"error":[154],"rates":[155],"(EERs)":[156],"100":[158],"200":[160],"testing":[161],"digraphs":[162],"9.7%":[164],"7.8%":[166],"Clarkson":[169],"II":[170],"dataset,":[171],"improving":[172],"upon":[173],"state-of-the-art":[174],"35.3%":[176],"15.3%.":[178]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3037560939","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-01-08T04:04:35.627980","created_date":"2020-07-02"}