{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795235421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2018.1870876","title":"Xandra: An Autonomous Cyber Battle System for the Cyber Grand Challenge","display_name":"Xandra: An Autonomous Cyber Battle System for the Cyber Grand Challenge","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795235421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2018.1870876","mag":"2795235421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2018.1870876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61906035","display_name":"IEEE Security & Privacy","issn_l":"1540-7993","issn":["1540-7993","1558-4046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067640908","display_name":"Anh Nguyen\u2010Tuong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh Nguyen-Tuong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087875540","display_name":"David Melski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135696","display_name":"GrammaTech (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwfxd89","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135696"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Melski","raw_affiliation_strings":["GrammaTech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GrammaTech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068264173","display_name":"Jack W. Davidson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack W. Davidson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003389724","display_name":"Michele Co","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Co","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011094446","display_name":"William Hawkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1010-9408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Hawkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086514103","display_name":"Jason D. Hiser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason D. Hiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054219365","display_name":"Derek W. Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3413-570X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044443089","display_name":"Ducson Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135696","display_name":"GrammaTech (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwfxd89","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135696"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ducson Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["GrammaTech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GrammaTech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020000401","display_name":"Eric F. Rizzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135696","display_name":"GrammaTech (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwfxd89","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135696"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Rizzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["GrammaTech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GrammaTech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135696"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.605,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"ngrams","cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.852545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":91},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"42","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.6821444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.76306975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.68745273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.6821444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6602314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5833503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778627824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178561","display_name":"Battle","level":2,"score":0.5341918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49982595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.43564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.072897136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2018.1870876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61906035","display_name":"IEEE Security & Privacy","issn_l":"1540-7993","issn":["1540-7993","1558-4046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.76}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1631846088","https://openalex.org/W2134633067","https://openalex.org/W2159059513","https://openalex.org/W2398729674","https://openalex.org/W2574017551","https://openalex.org/W2750788884","https://openalex.org/W4239813889"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4292148085","https://openalex.org/W4285792982","https://openalex.org/W4250073058","https://openalex.org/W3200035577","https://openalex.org/W3176479423","https://openalex.org/W3163508776","https://openalex.org/W3006507989","https://openalex.org/W2987285902","https://openalex.org/W2943873441","https://openalex.org/W1987059498"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"4":[1],"August":[2],"2016,":[3],"DARPA":[4],"conducted":[5],"the":[6,10,37,74,104,110,118,129,144],"final":[7,34,75,145],"event":[8,35],"of":[9,26,107,109,143],"Cyber":[11],"Grand":[12],"Challenge":[13],"(CGC).":[14],"The":[15,33],"challenge":[16],"in":[17,28,58,73,80,85,94,98,126],"CGC":[18],"was":[19],"to":[20,49],"build":[21],"an":[22],"autonomous":[23],"system":[24,47],"capable":[25],"playing":[27],"a":[29],"capture-the-flag":[30],"hacking":[31],"competition.":[32],"pitted":[36],"systems":[38],"from":[39],"seven":[40],"finalists":[41],"against":[42],"each":[43,46],"other,":[44],"with":[45],"attempting":[48],"defend":[50],"its":[51],"own":[52],"network":[53],"services":[54,88],"while":[55],"proving":[56],"vulnerabilities":[57,97],"other":[59],"systems'":[60],"defended":[61],"services.":[62],"Xandra,":[63,123],"our":[64],"automated":[65],"cyber":[66],"reasoning":[67],"system,":[68],"took":[69],"second":[70,84],"place":[71],"overall":[72],"event.":[76,146],"Xandra":[77,101],"placed":[78],"first":[79],"security":[81],"(preventing":[82],"exploits),":[83],"availability":[86],"(keeping":[87],"operational":[89],"and":[90,92,134,136],"efficient),":[91],"fourth":[93],"evaluation":[95],"(proving":[96],"competitor":[99,111],"services).":[100],"also":[102],"drew":[103],"least":[105],"power":[106],"any":[108],"systems.":[112],"In":[113],"this":[114],"article,":[115],"we":[116],"describe":[117],"high-level":[119],"strategies":[120],"applied":[121],"by":[122],"their":[124],"realization":[125],"Xandra's":[127],"architecture,":[128],"synergistic":[130],"interplay":[131],"between":[132],"offense":[133],"defense,":[135],"finally,":[137],"lessons":[138],"learned":[139],"via":[140],"post-mortem":[141],"analysis":[142]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2795235421","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-01-16T17:28:58.301283","created_date":"2018-04-06"}