{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226427413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom52596.2021.9653136","title":"OMD: Orthogonal Malware Detection using Audio, Image, and Static Features","display_name":"OMD: Orthogonal Malware Detection using Audio, Image, and Static Features","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226427413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom52596.2021.9653136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom52596.2021.9653136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.04710","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042091237","display_name":"Lakshmanan Nataraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-7237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123064","display_name":"Mayachitra (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pvba079","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lakshmanan Nataraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108745743","display_name":"Tajuddin Manhar Mohammed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123064","display_name":"Mayachitra (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pvba079","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tajuddin Manhar Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076005202","display_name":"Tejaswi Nanjundaswamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-5352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123064","display_name":"Mayachitra (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pvba079","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tejaswi Nanjundaswamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083638854","display_name":"Satish Chikkagoudar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4547-3480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4399598358"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satish Chikkagoudar","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009022144","display_name":"Shivkumar Chandrasekaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2508-5605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123064","display_name":"Mayachitra (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pvba079","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivkumar Chandrasekaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayachitra, Inc. &","UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra, Inc. &","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071938464","display_name":"B.S. Manjunath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-3611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123064","display_name":"Mayachitra (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pvba079","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B.S. Manjunath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayachitra, Inc. &","UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra, Inc. &","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.261,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.767892,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":86,"max":87},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"703","last_page":"708"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6196437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.48639157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.9033183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7952424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6196437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.58228856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5791606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5487462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5463347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5144634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.48639157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46868542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.408754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3201648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07867628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom52596.2021.9653136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.04710","pdf_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.04710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.04710","pdf_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.04710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research","award_id":"N68335-17-C-0048"}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152854583","https://openalex.org/W1560013842","https://openalex.org/W166844666","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2045140281","https://openalex.org/W2056197329","https://openalex.org/W2121749752","https://openalex.org/W2191779130","https://openalex.org/W2296240038","https://openalex.org/W2500174195","https://openalex.org/W2520583395","https://openalex.org/W2792672492","https://openalex.org/W2885747980","https://openalex.org/W2909034326","https://openalex.org/W2912135847","https://openalex.org/W2931858311","https://openalex.org/W2946525659","https://openalex.org/W2996806689","https://openalex.org/W3033396665","https://openalex.org/W3037015170","https://openalex.org/W3118919575","https://openalex.org/W3127455599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197541072","https://openalex.org/W3003836766","https://openalex.org/W2811390910","https://openalex.org/W2546942002","https://openalex.org/W2382607599","https://openalex.org/W2331880784","https://openalex.org/W2146076056","https://openalex.org/W2144059113","https://openalex.org/W2016461833","https://openalex.org/W1964120219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,78,90,94,100],"growing":[2],"number":[3],"of":[4,55],"malware":[5,27,45,51,75,79,156,168],"and":[6,43,61,107,119,146],"cyber":[7,15],"attacks,":[8],"there":[9],"is":[10,132],"a":[11,41,53,114,120,126,163],"need":[12],"for":[13,116,166],"\"orthogonal\"":[14],"defense":[16],"approaches,":[17],"which":[18],"are":[19,30,71,81,97],"complementary":[20],"to":[21,49,99,122,135,142,149],"existing":[22],"methods":[23,148],"by":[24,33],"detecting":[25],"unique":[26],"samples":[28],"that":[29,89,159],"not":[31],"predicted":[32],"other":[34,62,108,136],"methods.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39,66,87,112],"propose":[40],"novel":[42],"orthogonal":[44,98,125,167],"detection":[46,147],"(OMD)":[47],"approach":[48,161],"identify":[50],"using":[52],"combination":[54],"audio":[56,69,84,95],"descriptors,":[57],"image":[58,104],"similarity":[59,105],"descriptors":[60,70,96,106],"static/statistical":[63],"features.":[64,110],"First,":[65],"show":[67,88,158],"how":[68,124],"effective":[72],"in":[73],"classifying":[74],"families":[76],"when":[77],"binaries":[80],"represented":[82],"as":[83],"signals.":[85],"Then,":[86],"predictions":[91,101],"made":[92,102],"on":[93,103,155],"static":[109],"Further,":[111],"develop":[113],"framework":[115,165],"error":[117],"analysis":[118],"metric":[121],"quantify":[123],"new":[127,144],"feature":[128,137],"set":[129],"(or":[130],"type)":[131],"with":[133],"respect":[134],"sets.":[138],"This":[139],"allows":[140],"us":[141],"add":[143],"features":[145],"our":[150,160],"overall":[151],"framework.":[152],"Experimental":[153],"results":[154],"datasets":[157],"provides":[162],"robust":[164],"detection.":[169]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4226427413","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2024-12-30T16:41:51.882294","created_date":"2022-05-05"}