{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006676945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm46666.2019.8988527","title":"Closing the Loop in Cyber-Physical Systems using Blockchain: Microgrid Frequency Control Example","display_name":"Closing the Loop in Cyber-Physical Systems using Blockchain: Microgrid Frequency Control Example","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006676945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm46666.2019.8988527","mag":"3006676945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm46666.2019.8988527","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086532403","display_name":"Abdullah Bin Masood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4474-0011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Bin Masood","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063814563","display_name":"Marios Lestas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8418-6329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38552033","display_name":"Frederick University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d8tf882","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marios Lestas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080473845","display_name":"Hassaan Khaliq Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-4050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassaan Khaliq Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061267518","display_name":"Nicolas Christofides","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38552033","display_name":"Frederick University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d8tf882","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Christofides","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033415173","display_name":"Nouman Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0164-8031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38552033","display_name":"Frederick University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d8tf882","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nouman Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38552033"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001112863","display_name":"Faizan Mehmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-3926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faizan Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.518,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.836449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":85,"max":86},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.80256945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5325759}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8510356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.80256945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.6863512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.627676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5499933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5325759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.5218141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.40674278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29308155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19777167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08938879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm46666.2019.8988527","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.52,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508221334","https://openalex.org/W1980187301","https://openalex.org/W1982200682","https://openalex.org/W1990673109","https://openalex.org/W2151903076","https://openalex.org/W2767453162","https://openalex.org/W2778334231","https://openalex.org/W2796244013","https://openalex.org/W2908903924","https://openalex.org/W2914200181","https://openalex.org/W2916171158","https://openalex.org/W2921674422","https://openalex.org/W2921968089","https://openalex.org/W2950294262","https://openalex.org/W2954082054","https://openalex.org/W2963983602","https://openalex.org/W971131695"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W3006223230","https://openalex.org/W2424479016","https://openalex.org/W2386414721","https://openalex.org/W2076021085","https://openalex.org/W2061539888","https://openalex.org/W1574359403"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Closed-loop":[0],"Cyber-Physical":[1],"Systems":[2],"(CPSs)":[3],"are":[4,51,161],"significant":[5],"constituent":[6],"elements":[7],"for":[8,177],"smart":[9,64,107],"city":[10],"applications.":[11],"However,":[12],"security":[13],"and":[14,30,56,59,156,163,184,196,208],"resiliency":[15],"of":[16,68,127,136,167,170,180,192],"closed-loop":[17,46],"CPSs":[18],"can":[19,223],"be":[20,166],"compromised":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,121,140,165,188,225],"the":[24,54,69,117,128,134,137,147,153,158,168,178,193,197,203,210,215,218],"centralized":[25],"control":[26,82,114,183],"structure,":[27],"network":[28],"interdependency":[29],"power/computational":[31],"constraints.":[32],"In":[33,145],"this":[34,38],"paper,":[35],"towards":[36],"addressing":[37],"problem,":[39],"we":[40],"propose":[41],"a":[42,79,95,111,171],"blockchain":[43,55],"based":[44],"de-centralized":[45],"CPS":[47],"framework.":[48],"Sensed":[49],"measurements":[50],"stored":[52],"on":[53,78,202],"controller":[57],"implementation":[58,77],"actuation":[60,159],"is":[61,72,91,131,175,205],"realized":[62],"using":[63],"contracts.":[65],"The":[66,125,190],"feasibility":[67],"proposed":[70,129],"approach":[71],"demonstrated":[73,132],"via":[74],"its":[75,122],"simulative":[76],"distributed":[80,112],"frequency":[81,113,120,182],"system":[83],"within":[84],"an":[85],"islanded":[86],"microgrid.":[87],"A":[88],"co-simulation":[89],"framework":[90],"developed":[92],"that":[93],"incorporates":[94],"microgrid":[96],"simulated":[97],"in":[98,151,220],"Matlab":[99],"interfaced":[100],"with":[101,110],"Ethereum":[102],"blockchain.":[103],"Actuated":[104],"signals":[105,139,160],"from":[106],"contracts":[108],"embedded":[109],"algorithm":[115],"dictate":[116],"microgrid's":[118],"operating":[119],"nominal":[123,143],"value.":[124],"effectiveness":[126],"method":[130],"through":[133],"convergence":[135],"time-dependent":[138],"their":[141],"expected":[142],"values.":[144,228],"addition,":[146],"feedback":[148],"delays":[149,204],"involved":[150],"transacting":[152],"sensed":[154],"data":[155],"generating":[157],"characterized":[162],"found":[164],"order":[169],"few":[172],"seconds,":[173],"which":[174],"acceptable":[176],"purpose":[179],"secondary":[181],"does":[185,212],"not":[186,213],"lead":[187,224],"instability.":[189],"effect":[191],"block":[194,221],"size":[195,222],"crypto":[198],"puzzle":[199],"difficulty":[200,211],"level":[201],"also":[206],"investigated":[207],"while":[209],"affect":[214],"delay":[216,227],"significantly,":[217],"increase":[219],"excessive":[226]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3006676945","counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2024-12-17T10:33:21.906554","created_date":"2020-02-24"}