{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149700683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2004.71","title":"N-Gram Language Models for Offline Handwritten Text Recognition","display_name":"N-Gram Language Models for Offline Handwritten Text Recognition","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149700683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2004.71","mag":"2149700683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2004.71","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102865574","display_name":"Matthias Zimmermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2892-8203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Zimmermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111680161","display_name":"Horst Bunke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Bunke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.242,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"ngrams","cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":88},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"203","last_page":"208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9947,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.8252801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gram","display_name":"Gram","score":0.43877065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.8252801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7956455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.62087756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.55329174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5417983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.49441838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161369605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41803","display_name":"Gram","level":3,"score":0.43877065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2004.71","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.83,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549285799","https://openalex.org/W1818785862","https://openalex.org/W2016282191","https://openalex.org/W2082092506","https://openalex.org/W2092858021","https://openalex.org/W2098808520","https://openalex.org/W2100506586","https://openalex.org/W2107645346","https://openalex.org/W2134237567","https://openalex.org/W2141703053","https://openalex.org/W2149597185","https://openalex.org/W2152928267","https://openalex.org/W2172248551","https://openalex.org/W2476935674","https://openalex.org/W2918078540","https://openalex.org/W41973834","https://openalex.org/W4235781639","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W591184081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391592887","https://openalex.org/W4254593385","https://openalex.org/W3126081632","https://openalex.org/W2906970013","https://openalex.org/W2790582133","https://openalex.org/W2787311093","https://openalex.org/W2625039379","https://openalex.org/W2250909759","https://openalex.org/W2088254117","https://openalex.org/W1901380241"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,12,33,73,78,85],"impact":[4],"of":[5,14,43,66,72],"bigram":[6],"and":[7,50,70],"trigram":[8],"language":[9,28],"models":[10,29],"on":[11,32],"performance":[13,71],"a":[15,55],"hidden":[16],"Markov":[17],"model":[18],"(HMM)":[19],"based":[20],"offline":[21],"recognition":[22,75,80],"system":[23],"for":[24],"handwritten":[25,82],"sentences.":[26],"The":[27],"are":[30,62],"trained":[31],"LOB":[34],"corpus":[35],"which":[36],"is":[37],"supplemented":[38],"by":[39,54],"various":[40],"additional":[41,48],"sources":[42],"text,":[44],"including":[45],"sentences":[46,52],"from":[47,84],"corpora":[49],"random":[51],"produced":[53],"stochastic":[56],"context-free":[57],"grammar":[58],"(SCFG).":[59],"Experimental":[60],"results":[61],"provided":[63],"in":[64],"terms":[65],"test":[67],"set":[68],"perplexity":[69],"corresponding":[74],"systems.":[76],"For":[77],"text":[79],"experiments":[81],"material":[83],"IAM":[86],"database":[87],"has":[88],"been":[89],"used.":[90]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2149700683","counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2024-12-10T04:26:02.613218","created_date":"2016-06-24"}