{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377969798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129346","title":"Unraveling Latch Locking Using Machine Learning, Boolean Analysis, and ILP","display_name":"Unraveling Latch Locking Using Machine Learning, Boolean Analysis, and ILP","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377969798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129346","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022810915","display_name":"Dake Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8193-7158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dake Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100715699","display_name":"Xuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6412-7655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047763395","display_name":"Yinghua Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3863-1196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghua Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019021341","display_name":"Yuke Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-5478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113173970","display_name":"Kaixin Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaixin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073069762","display_name":"Andrew Rittenbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5930-9996"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Rittenbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Information Sciences Institute"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Information Sciences Institute","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067636168","display_name":"Pierluigi Nuzzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2984-0364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierluigi Nuzzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084205024","display_name":"Peter A. Beerel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-0168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. Beerel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.836,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.649798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":68,"max":79},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9799,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.8801781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-logic","display_name":"Sequential logic","score":0.5773939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-attacks","display_name":"Machine Learning Attacks","score":0.548804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-encryption","display_name":"Logic Encryption","score":0.543994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-localization","display_name":"Fault Localization","score":0.536814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backside-analysis","display_name":"Backside Analysis","score":0.526874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuits","display_name":"Integrated Circuits","score":0.525082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.45641476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.8801781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7192748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.58069015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187075797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173245","display_name":"Sequential logic","level":3,"score":0.5773939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779971761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629872","display_name":"Arbiter","level":2,"score":0.5335683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.478917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.45641476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141796577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837479","display_name":"Boolean circuit","level":3,"score":0.42530662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3881097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.38088804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.334333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32144505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.31410027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13369009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.104489446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129346","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.4,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","award_id":null}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524250393","https://openalex.org/W1979702444","https://openalex.org/W2008819052","https://openalex.org/W2135211381","https://openalex.org/W2343475170","https://openalex.org/W2419784917","https://openalex.org/W2741711485","https://openalex.org/W2747980214","https://openalex.org/W2766393343","https://openalex.org/W2769905020","https://openalex.org/W2892708618","https://openalex.org/W2903107655","https://openalex.org/W2944122409","https://openalex.org/W2945305016","https://openalex.org/W2951156228","https://openalex.org/W2976174142","https://openalex.org/W2997769596","https://openalex.org/W3008907581","https://openalex.org/W3040839314","https://openalex.org/W3108642877","https://openalex.org/W3111508438","https://openalex.org/W3111808482","https://openalex.org/W3117845485","https://openalex.org/W3135042431","https://openalex.org/W3176336444","https://openalex.org/W3176852059","https://openalex.org/W3183146245","https://openalex.org/W3186662332","https://openalex.org/W3188573581","https://openalex.org/W3189470799","https://openalex.org/W3198329143","https://openalex.org/W3198511427","https://openalex.org/W3200855694","https://openalex.org/W3209004752","https://openalex.org/W3212151081","https://openalex.org/W3212416488","https://openalex.org/W3215516083","https://openalex.org/W3216472574","https://openalex.org/W4226162183","https://openalex.org/W4252100403","https://openalex.org/W4280540169","https://openalex.org/W4280640024","https://openalex.org/W4281917088","https://openalex.org/W4293024012","https://openalex.org/W4378678742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293023571","https://openalex.org/W4245491991","https://openalex.org/W3204916073","https://openalex.org/W2886316835","https://openalex.org/W2805856399","https://openalex.org/W2728195892","https://openalex.org/W2611822924","https://openalex.org/W2516690985","https://openalex.org/W2486254595","https://openalex.org/W2063425181"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Logic":[0],"locking":[1,27,49],"has":[2,42],"become":[3],"a":[4,15,51,58,102,110,165],"promising":[5],"approach":[6,34],"to":[7,75,96,127,140,188],"provide":[8],"hardware":[9],"security":[10],"in":[11,35,179,195],"the":[12,37,54,77,94,128,141,152,155,176,182],"face":[13],"of":[14,53,57,72,113,181],"possibly":[16],"insecure":[17],"fabrication":[18],"supply":[19],"chain.":[20],"While":[21],"many":[22],"techniques":[23],"have":[24],"focused":[25],"on":[26,105,169],"combinational":[28],"logic":[29],"(CL),":[30],"an":[31],"alternative":[32],"latch-locking":[33],"which":[36],"sequential":[38],"elements":[39],"are":[40,202],"locked":[41],"also":[43],"gained":[44],"significant":[45],"attention.":[46],"Latch":[47],"(LAT)":[48],"duplicates":[50],"subset":[52],"flip-flops":[55],"(FF)":[56],"design,":[59],"retimes":[60],"these":[61],"FFs":[62],"and":[63,68,118,150,157,173,186],"replaces":[64],"them":[65],"with":[66],"latches,":[67],"adds":[69,81],"two":[70],"types":[71],"decoy":[73],"latches":[74,88],"obfuscate":[76],"netlist.":[78],"It":[79],"then":[80],"control":[82],"circuitry":[83],"(CC)":[84],"such":[85],"that":[86,108,167],"all":[87],"must":[89],"be":[90],"correctly":[91],"keyed":[92],"for":[93],"circuit":[95,143],"function":[97,190],"correctly.":[98],"This":[99],"paper":[100],"presents":[101],"two-phase":[103],"attack":[104,124,153,162,200],"latch-locked":[106],"circuits":[107,185],"uses":[109],"novel":[111],"combination":[112],"deep":[114],"learning,":[115],"Boolean":[116],"analysis,":[117],"integer":[119],"linear":[120],"programming":[121],"(ILP).":[122],"The":[123,161,199],"requires":[125],"access":[126,139],"reverse-engineered":[129],"netlist":[130],"but,":[131],"unlike":[132],"SAT":[133],"attacks,":[134],"is":[135],"oracle-less,":[136],"not":[137],"needing":[138],"unlocked":[142],"or":[144],"correct":[145,177],"input/output":[146],"pairs.":[147],"We":[148],"trained":[149],"evaluated":[151],"using":[154],"ISCAS\u201989":[156],"ITC\u201999":[158],"benchmark":[159],"circuits.":[160,198],"successfully":[163],"identifies":[164],"key":[166],"is,":[168],"average,":[170],"96.9%":[171],"accurate":[172],"fully":[174],"discloses":[175],"functionality":[178],"8":[180],"tested":[183],"19":[184],"leads":[187],"low":[189],"corruptibility":[191],"(less":[192],"than":[193],"4%)":[194],"3":[196],"additional":[197],"run-times":[201],"manageable.":[203]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4377969798","counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2024-12-05T06:50:36.592800","created_date":"2023-05-25"}