{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281738370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaa52185.2022.00016","title":"Layer-Wise Analysis of Neuron Activation Values for Performance Verification of Artificial Neural Network Classifiers","display_name":"Layer-Wise Analysis of Neuron Activation Values for Performance Verification of Artificial Neural Network Classifiers","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281738370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaa52185.2022.00016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaa52185.2022.00016","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022254473","display_name":"Darryl Hond","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093062","display_name":"Thales (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8j9489","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darryl Hond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales UK, Research, Technology and Innovation, Reading, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales UK, Research, Technology and Innovation, Reading, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101693946","display_name":"Hamid Asgari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9317-7045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093062","display_name":"Thales (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8j9489","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Asgari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales UK, Research, Technology and Innovation, Reading, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales UK, Research, Technology and Innovation, Reading, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058319469","display_name":"Leonardo Symonds","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093062","display_name":"Thales (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8j9489","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Symonds","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales UK, Research, Technology and Innovation, Reading, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales UK, Research, Technology and Innovation, Reading, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003077083","display_name":"Michael Newman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9305-5742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093062","display_name":"Thales (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8j9489","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Newman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales UK, Research, Technology and Innovation, Reading, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales UK, Research, Technology and Innovation, Reading, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093062"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.289,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.584416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":69,"max":75},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"56","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-function","display_name":"Activation function","score":0.66519225}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.75461614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7516362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7356769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.72866476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38365724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677469","display_name":"Activation function","level":3,"score":0.66519225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.61873114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5635663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46688572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4609445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.45680967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4425318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41858387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14456713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13307336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaa52185.2022.00016","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139044672","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2149298154","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2888328726","https://openalex.org/W2907380995","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W3087060148","https://openalex.org/W3105041635","https://openalex.org/W3131295293","https://openalex.org/W3207236106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W1875930651","https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W1590965489","https://openalex.org/W1508895727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Object":[0],"classification":[1,89,158],"in":[2,34,39,84,206],"dynamic,":[3],"uncontrolled":[4],"environments":[5],"is":[6,17,116,184,205,226],"one":[7],"of":[8,12,27,43,130,139,154,187,215,220,244],"the":[9,23,31,40,85,99,104,123,140,151,155,177,213,221,228,241,245],"functional":[10,48],"elements":[11],"safety-critical":[13],"Autonomous":[14,44],"Systems.":[15],"It":[16],"crucial":[18],"to":[19,36,66,71,78,80,122,208],"develop":[20],"methods":[21],"for":[22],"specification":[24,127],"and":[25,30,46,49,52,64,128,144,160],"verification":[26,129],"these":[28],"elements,":[29],"associated":[32],"algorithms,":[33],"order":[35,207],"gain":[37],"confidence":[38],"overall":[41],"safety":[42],"Systems":[45],"their":[47],"behavioural":[50],"correctness":[51],"adequacy.":[53],"Artificial":[54],"Neural":[55],"Network":[56],"(ANN)":[57],"object":[58],"classifiers":[59],"must":[60,91],"therefore":[61],"be":[62,67,76,92,135],"assured":[63],"need":[65],"verified":[68],"with":[69],"respect":[70],"requirements.":[72],"A":[73,147],"classifier":[74,131],"might":[75],"required":[77,242],"generalize":[79],"a":[81,119,161,170,185,201,216],"satisfactory":[82],"extent,":[83],"sense":[86],"that":[87],"its":[88],"performance":[90,159],"maintained":[93],"at":[94],"an":[95],"acceptable":[96],"level":[97],"when":[98,111],"input":[100],"data":[101,112,162],"differs":[102],"from":[103,118],"training":[105,124,145],"data.":[106,125,146],"This":[107,204,223],"requirement":[108,148],"would":[109],"apply":[110],"received":[113],"during":[114],"operation":[115],"drawn":[117],"different":[120],"distribution":[121],"The":[126,182,234],"generalization":[132],"capability":[133],"can":[134],"based":[136],"on":[137],"measures":[138],"dissimilarity":[141,163,171],"between":[142,157],"operational":[143],"could":[149],"state":[150],"permitted":[152],"forms":[153],"relationship":[156],"measure.":[164,233,247],"We":[165],"have":[166,175],"previously":[167],"proposed":[168],"such":[169],"measure,":[172],"which":[173],"we":[174,194],"termed":[176],"Neuron":[178,230],"Region":[179],"Distance":[180],"(NRD).":[181],"NRD":[183],"function":[186],"network":[188],"activation":[189,197,235],"values.":[190],"In":[191],"this":[192],"paper,":[193],"analyze":[195],"neuron":[196],"values":[198],"layer-by-layer":[199],"across":[200],"neural":[202],"network.":[203],"advance":[209],"our":[210],"progress":[211],"towards":[212],"conception":[214],"novel,":[217],"generalized":[218],"form":[219],"NRD.":[222],"new":[224],"measure":[225],"called":[227],"Per":[229],"Ranking":[231],"(PNR)":[232],"value":[236],"analysis":[237],"provides":[238],"insight":[239],"into":[240],"formulation":[243],"PNR":[246]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4281738370","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-03-24T01:27:35.800060","created_date":"2022-06-13"}