{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3112251090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie44824.2020.9273981","title":"Machine learning for middle-schoolers: Children as designers of machine-learning apps","display_name":"Machine learning for middle-schoolers: Children as designers of machine-learning apps","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3112251090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie44824.2020.9273981","mag":"3112251090"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie44824.2020.9273981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607796","display_name":"2021 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083898518","display_name":"Henriikka Vartiainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6005-907X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henriikka Vartiainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112578262","display_name":"Tapani Toivonen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapani Toivonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009821153","display_name":"Ilkka Jormanainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3254-2480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilkka Jormanainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048489248","display_name":"Juho Kahila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juho Kahila","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050967195","display_name":"Matti Tedre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1037-3313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Tedre","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053463604","display_name":"Teemu Valtonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1803-9865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teemu Valtonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.915703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9911,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9828,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/everyday-life","display_name":"Everyday Life","score":0.48190334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-design","display_name":"Learning design","score":0.45189077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical Research","score":0.43856516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.6133539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5717727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.56787413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.49772742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4829573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779018934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129653","display_name":"Everyday life","level":2,"score":0.48190334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989099063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Learning design","level":2,"score":0.45189077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.43953755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.43856516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.43477625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.41141915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3245347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24768361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22853813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14739051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie44824.2020.9273981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607796","display_name":"2021 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.49}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland","award_id":null}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606540910","https://openalex.org/W1767677457","https://openalex.org/W1883539050","https://openalex.org/W1925613010","https://openalex.org/W1967971235","https://openalex.org/W1976663358","https://openalex.org/W2016579457","https://openalex.org/W2029620018","https://openalex.org/W2061286116","https://openalex.org/W2064394168","https://openalex.org/W2109386141","https://openalex.org/W2128083870","https://openalex.org/W2164599981","https://openalex.org/W2188466707","https://openalex.org/W2205089171","https://openalex.org/W2255029296","https://openalex.org/W2260524455","https://openalex.org/W2266578155","https://openalex.org/W2533856174","https://openalex.org/W2891162297","https://openalex.org/W2891266252","https://openalex.org/W2948288662","https://openalex.org/W2956066828","https://openalex.org/W2958194475","https://openalex.org/W2965058023","https://openalex.org/W2967995293","https://openalex.org/W2969898342","https://openalex.org/W2990951897","https://openalex.org/W2995940251","https://openalex.org/W2998595140","https://openalex.org/W3136423249","https://openalex.org/W3204379126","https://openalex.org/W4212764870","https://openalex.org/W4245258289","https://openalex.org/W4247545751","https://openalex.org/W4290801976","https://openalex.org/W5048401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283365723","https://openalex.org/W4250820896","https://openalex.org/W4250305970","https://openalex.org/W2963001125","https://openalex.org/W2380179524","https://openalex.org/W2352366064","https://openalex.org/W2124102101","https://openalex.org/W2091233881","https://openalex.org/W1570928019","https://openalex.org/W1484550171"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,55],"Research":[1],"to":[2,15,53],"Innovative":[3],"Practice":[4],"Full":[5],"Paper":[6],"presents":[7,57],"a":[8,62,78,153,163],"multidisciplinary,":[9],"design-based":[10],"research":[11],"study":[12,18,80],"that":[13,123],"aims":[14],"develop":[16],"and":[17,21,47,65,70,96,115,150,156,174],"pedagogical":[19,166],"models":[20],"tools":[22],"for":[23,61,100,130,168],"integrating":[24],"machine-learning":[25],"(ML)":[26],"topics":[27],"into":[28],"education.":[29],"Although":[30],"children":[31,144],"grow":[32],"up":[33],"with":[34,162],"ML":[35,46,98,119,148],"systems,":[36],"few":[37],"theoretical":[38,59,73],"or":[39],"empirical":[40],"studies":[41],"have":[42],"focused":[43],"on":[44,165],"investigating":[45],"data-driven":[48],"design":[49,120],"in":[50,75,82,89,132,145,152,171,177],"K-12":[51],"education":[52],"date.":[54],"paper":[56],"the":[58,66,86,110,116,128,135,178],"grounds":[60],"design-oriented":[63],"pedagogy":[64],"results":[67],"from":[68],"exploring":[69,146],"implementing":[71],"those":[72],"ideas":[74,121],"practice":[76],"through":[77],"case":[79],"conducted":[81],"Finland.":[83],"We":[84],"describe":[85],"overall":[87],"process":[88],"which":[90],"middle-schoolers":[91,170],"(N":[92],"=":[93],"34)":[94],"co-designed":[95],"made":[97],"applications":[99,126],"solving":[101],"meaningful,":[102],"everyday":[103],"problems.":[104],"The":[105,159],"qualitative":[106],"content":[107],"analysis":[108],"of":[109,134,138,180],"pre-and":[111],"post-tests,":[112],"student":[113],"interviews,":[114],"students'":[117],"own":[118],"indicated":[122],"co-designing":[124],"real-life":[125],"lowered":[127],"barriers":[129],"participating":[131],"some":[133],"core":[136],"practices":[137],"computer":[139],"science.":[140],"It":[141],"also":[142],"supported":[143],"abstract":[147],"concepts":[149],"workflows":[151],"highly":[154],"personalized":[155],"embodied":[157],"way.":[158],"article":[160],"concludes":[161],"discussion":[164],"insights":[167],"supporting":[169],"becoming":[172],"innovators":[173],"software":[175],"designers":[176],"age":[179],"ML.":[181]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3112251090","counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-05-05T07:32:12.446455","created_date":"2020-12-21"}