{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394862908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388489","title":"LCNN: Lightweight CNN Architecture for Software Defect Feature Identification Using Explainable AI","display_name":"LCNN: Lightweight CNN Architecture for Software Defect Feature Identification Using Explainable AI","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394862908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388489","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499820.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499820.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013657743","display_name":"Momotaz Begum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1839-4963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144275","display_name":"Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxvyy35","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Momotaz Begum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015480791","display_name":"Mehedi Hasan Shuvo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0187-0388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144275","display_name":"Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxvyy35","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehedi Hasan Shuvo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037815011","display_name":"Mostofa Kamal Nasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7450-0185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41173762","display_name":"Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00gvj4587","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41173762"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostofa Kamal Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41173762"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053981989","display_name":"Mohammad Jakir Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2388-2563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144275","display_name":"Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxvyy35","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amran Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053981989","display_name":"Mohammad Jakir Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2388-2563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144275","display_name":"Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxvyy35","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Jakir Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109000224","display_name":"Imran Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4598-1482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55240360","display_name":"Yeungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc6p159","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036848523","display_name":"Jia Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3403-4095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85389745","display_name":"Woosong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02srty072","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85389745"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI and Big Data Department, Endicott College, Woosong University, Daejeon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI and Big Data Department, Endicott College, Woosong University, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85389745"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106418149","display_name":"Md Abdus Samad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1990-6924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55240360","display_name":"Yeungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc6p159","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Abdus Samad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.837,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999981,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"55744","last_page":"55756"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9838,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification","score":0.59125775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5463122}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.81840664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.59125775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5463122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5293354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49262577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.489228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35869016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846636","display_name":"Software architecture","level":3,"score":0.4533727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.39944646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34731767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1368359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388489","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499820.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388489","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499820.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.64,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982052293","https://openalex.org/W203932818","https://openalex.org/W2090854192","https://openalex.org/W2128610695","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2521200981","https://openalex.org/W2603623653","https://openalex.org/W2772617084","https://openalex.org/W2784519409","https://openalex.org/W2787986668","https://openalex.org/W2896983410","https://openalex.org/W2920815936","https://openalex.org/W2937381238","https://openalex.org/W2940943652","https://openalex.org/W2945699300","https://openalex.org/W2955114891","https://openalex.org/W2983209690","https://openalex.org/W3016590323","https://openalex.org/W3020873385","https://openalex.org/W3121453273","https://openalex.org/W3125880466","https://openalex.org/W3134816784","https://openalex.org/W3212106560","https://openalex.org/W3215895897","https://openalex.org/W4206011500","https://openalex.org/W4312458397","https://openalex.org/W4313199266","https://openalex.org/W4328127101","https://openalex.org/W4362519066","https://openalex.org/W4386558124","https://openalex.org/W4388145526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205824991","https://openalex.org/W3200723557","https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W3123203398","https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2588198209","https://openalex.org/W2410053581","https://openalex.org/W2383658677","https://openalex.org/W2038503502","https://openalex.org/W1909006023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"defect":[1,28,64,112,149,226,283,307],"identification":[2,223],"(SDI)":[3],"is":[4,115],"a":[5,95,164],"key":[6],"part":[7],"of":[8,12,63,191,200,224,272,281,296,305],"improving":[9],"the":[10,17,26,41,61,80,83,110,136,169,174,181,189,192,222,269,294,297],"quality":[11],"software":[13,27,111,148,225,273,282,298,306],"projects":[14],"and":[15,57,74,140,153,179,196,203,230],"lowering":[16],"risks":[18],"that":[19,30,114,208,262],"along":[20],"with":[21,147,214,287],"maintenance.":[22],"It":[23],"does":[24],"identify":[25],"causes":[29,304],"have":[31,46,127,145,162,218,260],"not":[32,241],"been":[33],"reached":[34],"yet":[35],"to":[36,59,67,88,119,253,267],"get":[37],"sufficient":[38],"results.":[39,91],"On":[40],"other":[42],"hand,":[43],"many":[44],"researchers":[45],"recently":[47],"developed":[48],"several":[49],"models,":[50],"including":[51],"NN,":[52],"ML,":[53],"DL,":[54],"advanced":[55],"CNN,":[56],"LSTM,":[58],"enhance":[60],"effectiveness":[62],"prediction.":[65],"Due":[66],"an":[68],"insufficient":[69],"dataset":[70],"size,":[71],"repeated":[72],"investigations,":[73],"no":[75],"longer":[76],"appropriate":[77],"baseline":[78],"selection,":[79],"research":[81,220],"on":[82,221],"CNN":[84,157],"model":[85,176],"was":[86,133,177,185],"unable":[87],"produce":[89],"reliable":[90],"In":[92],"addition,":[93],"XAI":[94,233],"well-known":[96],"explainability":[97],"approach":[98],"creates":[99],"deep":[100],"models":[101],"in":[102,198,232,285],"computer":[103],"vision,":[104],"as":[105,107,235,289,291],"well":[106,290],"successfully":[108],"handles":[109],"prediction":[113,150],"easy":[116],"for":[117,130,180],"humans":[118],"understand.":[120],"To":[121],"address":[122],"these":[123],"issues,":[124],"firstly":[125],"we":[126,144,161,172,217,239,259],"used":[128],"SMOTE":[129],"preprocessing":[131],"which":[132],"collected":[134],"from":[135],"NASA":[137],"repository;":[138],"categorical":[139],"numerical":[141],"data.":[142],"Secondly,":[143],"experimented":[146],"using":[151],"1D-CNN":[152,175,263],"2D-CNN":[154,182,209,243],"named":[155],"lightweight":[156],"(LCNN).":[158],"Subsequently,":[159],"evaluation":[160],"employed":[163],"100-repetition":[165],"holdout":[166],"validation.":[167],"For":[168],"cross-validation":[170],"setup,":[171],"utilized":[173],"20*1,":[178],"model,":[183],"it":[184,245,251,292],"4*5*1.":[186],"After":[187],"that,":[188],"results":[190],"experiment":[193],"were":[194],"compared":[195],"assessed":[197],"terms":[199],"accuracy,":[201],"MSE,":[202],"AUC.":[204],"The":[205],"result":[206,266],"shows":[207,210],"1.36%":[211],"better":[212],"contrast":[213,286],"1D-CNN.":[215],"Thirdly,":[216],"conducted":[219],"features":[227,284],"via":[228],"LIME":[229,277],"SHAP":[231],"stand":[234],"state-of-the-art":[236],"techniques.":[237],"However,":[238],"can":[240],"use":[242],"because":[244],"involves":[246],"more":[247],"complex":[248],"relationships,":[249],"making":[250],"challenging":[252],"create":[254],"transparent":[255],"explanations.":[256],"That's":[257],"why":[258],"realized":[261],"will":[264],"superior":[265],"explain":[268],"root":[270,303],"cause":[271],"feature":[274],"identifications.":[275],"Finally,":[276],"provides":[278],"accurate":[279],"visualization":[280],"SHAP,":[288],"helps":[293],"stakeholders":[295],"industry":[299],"easily":[300],"find":[301],"actual":[302],"identification.":[308]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4394862908","counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-04-16T06:45:56.465667","created_date":"2024-04-17"}