{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323033650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103244","title":"Visual explanations with detailed spatial information for remote sensing image classification via channel saliency","display_name":"Visual explanations with detailed spatial information for remote sensing image classification via channel saliency","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323033650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179989","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","issn_l":"1569-8432","issn":["1569-8432","1872-826X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103244","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007608227","display_name":"Xianpeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-2570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianpeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043022387","display_name":"Biao Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-186X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Biao Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070310624","display_name":"Chen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7688-9278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075579564","display_name":"Siteng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9678-0213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siteng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041413561","display_name":"Bo Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0481-5069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065660222","display_name":"Shuang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4940-1211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050630882","display_name":"Licheng Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-9617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043022387"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2250},"apc_paid":{"value":2250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2250},"fwci":1.033,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.484124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":85,"max":88},"biblio":{"volume":"118","issue":null,"first_page":"103244","last_page":"103244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9952,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9919,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.6966708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.77336484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.6966708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5839478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5733203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5620948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.54816735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.511063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.48466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47036052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3665851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26701862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.20233712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.081607044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07106361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179989","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","issn_l":"1569-8432","issn":["1569-8432","1872-826X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179989","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","issn_l":"1569-8432","issn":["1569-8432","1872-826X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W2005368619","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2249069931","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2347115704","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2596720518","https://openalex.org/W2764024122","https://openalex.org/W2811104224","https://openalex.org/W2889835342","https://openalex.org/W2896006880","https://openalex.org/W2921708311","https://openalex.org/W2953073956","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963081790","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963495494","https://openalex.org/W2963749936","https://openalex.org/W2996061341","https://openalex.org/W2997240345","https://openalex.org/W2998002262","https://openalex.org/W3000627240","https://openalex.org/W3001606623","https://openalex.org/W3006039757","https://openalex.org/W3007923660","https://openalex.org/W3014641619","https://openalex.org/W3019448917","https://openalex.org/W3028304412","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3035678286","https://openalex.org/W3035984349","https://openalex.org/W3101609372","https://openalex.org/W3105577662","https://openalex.org/W3113301809","https://openalex.org/W3149348938","https://openalex.org/W3175650429","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W3183898570","https://openalex.org/W3184606595","https://openalex.org/W3188086824","https://openalex.org/W3198721099","https://openalex.org/W3201985298","https://openalex.org/W3208313232","https://openalex.org/W4238211534","https://openalex.org/W4239646069","https://openalex.org/W4297752781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281697769","https://openalex.org/W4229439743","https://openalex.org/W4206442282","https://openalex.org/W2594301978","https://openalex.org/W2384505857","https://openalex.org/W2379704676","https://openalex.org/W2378744544","https://openalex.org/W2373300491","https://openalex.org/W2355171581","https://openalex.org/W1212596013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"the":[1,5,29,34,38,47,50,66,75,104,116,124,129,136,145,151,158,164,178,183,192,222,225],"past":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"barrier":[6],"of":[7,118,132,140,168,177,186,201,224,229],"explainability":[8],"accompanying":[9],"by":[10,32,71,191],"deep":[11],"neural":[12],"networks":[13,220],"(DNNs)":[14],"has":[15],"been":[16],"increasingly":[17],"studied.":[18],"The":[19,203],"methods":[20,52],"based":[21],"on":[22,59,154,207],"class":[23,92],"activation":[24,93],"map":[25,69,94,153,185],"(CAM)":[26],"which":[27],"interpret":[28],"model":[30],"decision":[31],"mapping":[33],"output":[35],"back":[36],"to":[37,65,102,127,149],"input":[39],"space,":[40],"have":[41],"achieved":[42],"a":[43,173],"notable":[44],"momentum":[45],"among":[46],"research.":[48],"However,":[49],"CAM-based":[51],"cannot":[53],"stably":[54],"produce":[55],"effective":[56],"explanation":[57,193],"results":[58,206],"remote":[60],"sensing":[61],"images":[62],"(RSIs),":[63],"owing":[64],"coarse":[67],"location":[68],"generated":[70],"high-level":[72],"features,":[73],"whereas,":[74],"RSIs":[76],"contain":[77],"abundant":[78],"detailed":[79],"spatial":[80],"information":[81],"and":[82,99,122,198,217,232],"multi-scale":[83],"objects.":[84],"To":[85,110],"address":[86],"this":[87,89],"issue,":[88],"article":[90],"proposes":[91],"weighted":[95,175],"with":[96,172],"channel":[97,120,125,130,137,159],"saliency":[98,108,126,152,160,184],"gradient":[100,174],"(CSG-CAM)":[101],"enhance":[103],"low-level":[105],"features":[106],"in":[107,163,227],"map.":[109],"do":[111],"this,":[112],"we":[113],"firstly":[114],"introduce":[115],"idea":[117],"dynamic":[119],"pruning":[121],"propose":[123],"describe":[128],"importance":[131,147,166],"specific":[133],"layer.":[134,156],"Then":[135],"saliency,":[138],"instead":[139],"gradient,":[141],"is":[142,189],"considered":[143],"as":[144],"neuron":[146,165],"weights":[148,167],"calculate":[150],"shallow":[155,197],"Furthermore,":[157],"also":[161],"participates":[162],"final":[169,199],"layer,":[170],"jointly":[171],"combination":[176],"positive":[179],"partial":[180],"derivatives.":[181],"Finally,":[182],"proposed":[187],"CSG-CAM":[188,226],"fused":[190],"heat":[194],"maps":[195],"from":[196],"layer":[200],"networks.":[202],"sufficient":[204],"experimental":[205],"two":[208],"publicly":[209],"available":[210],"datasets":[211],"designed":[212],"for":[213],"RSI":[214],"scene":[215],"classification":[216],"three":[218],"practical":[219],"demonstrate":[221],"effectiveness":[223],"terms":[228],"both":[230],"faithfulness":[231],"explainability.":[233]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4323033650","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-04-24T09:30:18.545383","created_date":"2023-03-04"}