{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119061441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2020.103438","title":"Making sense of sensory input","display_name":"Making sense of sensory input","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119061441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2020.103438","mag":"3119061441"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2020.103438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2020.103438","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017082774","display_name":"Richard Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-8469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","Imperial College London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029864546","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010Orallo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-7632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["ES","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez-Orallo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CFI, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CFI, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067022550","display_name":"Johannes Welbl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Welbl","raw_affiliation_strings":["DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013834379","display_name":"Pushmeet Kohli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7466-7997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pushmeet Kohli","raw_affiliation_strings":["DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027373995","display_name":"Marek Sergot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3706-1419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marek Sergot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017082774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670,"provenance":"doaj"},"fwci":7.015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999883,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"293","issue":null,"first_page":"103438","last_page":"103438"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apperception","display_name":"Apperception","score":0.64805555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.57738763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-bias","display_name":"Inductive bias","score":0.5727062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71067952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620995","display_name":"Apperception","level":2,"score":0.64805555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.61652917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6028918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.57738763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197352929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074074","display_name":"Inductive bias","level":4,"score":0.5727062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5694353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.53184247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116860108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054575","display_name":"Causal theory of reference","level":2,"score":0.5299852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.43842405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36434168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3500644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3217765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18657234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.1681253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.15164465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2020.103438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/EVAMSO-2","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/EVAMSO-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.02227","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.02227","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2020.103438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.87}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320321595","funder_display_name":"Federaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Enfermedades Raras","award_id":null},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","award_id":"RTI2018-094403-B-C32"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","funder_display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award_id":"PROMETEO/2019/098"}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":135,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118351535","https://openalex.org/W1245209268","https://openalex.org/W133258627","https://openalex.org/W1431464475","https://openalex.org/W1443446730","https://openalex.org/W1490861665","https://openalex.org/W1492321038","https://openalex.org/W1493657719","https://openalex.org/W1500684598","https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1531141978","https://openalex.org/W1541434994","https://openalex.org/W1547132963","https://openalex.org/W1566405224","https://openalex.org/W1578088218","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1590545576","https://openalex.org/W1629572354","https://openalex.org/W1672891595","https://openalex.org/W1674952968","https://openalex.org/W1763005059","https://openalex.org/W1766332311","https://openalex.org/W1769664091","https://openalex.org/W1861725711","https://openalex.org/W1866580805","https://openalex.org/W1968513265","https://openalex.org/W1969965298","https://openalex.org/W1973045980","https://openalex.org/W1978549608","https://openalex.org/W2007321142","https://openalex.org/W2009605580","https://openalex.org/W2011058337","https://openalex.org/W2018140810","https://openalex.org/W2023141722","https://openalex.org/W2036424138","https://openalex.org/W2039887949","https://openalex.org/W2043187947","https://openalex.org/W2049236887","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2090798572","https://openalex.org/W2093135704","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2101355568","https://openalex.org/W2107261164","https://openalex.org/W2108911687","https://openalex.org/W2118688707","https://openalex.org/W2127958135","https://openalex.org/W2134073653","https://openalex.org/W2140141795","https://openalex.org/W2141273062","https://openalex.org/W2149236697","https://openalex.org/W2149390907","https://openalex.org/W2150342508","https://openalex.org/W2153791616","https://openalex.org/W2162188269","https://openalex.org/W2173959313","https://openalex.org/W2187800623","https://openalex.org/W2212036697","https://openalex.org/W2222514216","https://openalex.org/W2248556341","https://openalex.org/W228104253","https://openalex.org/W2293890312","https://openalex.org/W2296414790","https://openalex.org/W2395903764","https://openalex.org/W2402035130","https://openalex.org/W2403468034","https://openalex.org/W2511126391","https://openalex.org/W2521885257","https://openalex.org/W2525579820","https://openalex.org/W2528102213","https://openalex.org/W2528489519","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2574654054","https://openalex.org/W2595806800","https://openalex.org/W2602753196","https://openalex.org/W2606047872","https://openalex.org/W2610257307","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2612793397","https://openalex.org/W2618413162","https://openalex.org/W2620826411","https://openalex.org/W2625439778","https://openalex.org/W2738669288","https://openalex.org/W2760799532","https://openalex.org/W2769858499","https://openalex.org/W2786019934","https://openalex.org/W2786122328","https://openalex.org/W2790913607","https://openalex.org/W2793662597","https://openalex.org/W2793871690","https://openalex.org/W2802751390","https://openalex.org/W2804072623","https://openalex.org/W2806743074","https://openalex.org/W2810340194","https://openalex.org/W2888800356","https://openalex.org/W2891902226","https://openalex.org/W2899987233","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2907424612","https://openalex.org/W2920362155","https://openalex.org/W2932752459","https://openalex.org/W2943979673","https://openalex.org/W2950813077","https://openalex.org/W2951158510","https://openalex.org/W2951384764","https://openalex.org/W2952115723","https://openalex.org/W2952828155","https://openalex.org/W2952915411","https://openalex.org/W2953072278","https://openalex.org/W2953432230","https://openalex.org/W2962867885","https://openalex.org/W2962872206","https://openalex.org/W2962924847","https://openalex.org/W2963139884","https://openalex.org/W2963305465","https://openalex.org/W2963703632","https://openalex.org/W2964004050","https://openalex.org/W2964073874","https://openalex.org/W2985719005","https://openalex.org/W2992216954","https://openalex.org/W2994667977","https://openalex.org/W2994900037","https://openalex.org/W2997049506","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3020831056","https://openalex.org/W3034789704","https://openalex.org/W3102747178","https://openalex.org/W3148481862","https://openalex.org/W3155306957","https://openalex.org/W4206370914","https://openalex.org/W4211177236","https://openalex.org/W4251009746","https://openalex.org/W4255826263","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387041636","https://openalex.org/W4300886235","https://openalex.org/W4288094973","https://openalex.org/W4244599702","https://openalex.org/W3183595954","https://openalex.org/W3119061441","https://openalex.org/W2977998177","https://openalex.org/W2910015297","https://openalex.org/W2374509721","https://openalex.org/W2342286984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,260],"paper":[1],"attempts":[2],"to":[3,15,104,113,145,174,216,273,284],"answer":[4],"a":[5,19,29,42,68,80,95,185,268,278],"central":[6],"question":[7],"in":[8,159,166,184,235,246,249],"unsupervised":[9,88],"learning:":[10],"what":[11],"does":[12],"it":[13,86,171],"mean":[14],"\"make":[16],"sense\"":[17],"of":[18,44,54,76,82,123,126,188,287],"sensory":[20,37,77,164,228,289],"sequence?":[21],"In":[22,169,208],"our":[23,72,141,213,255,264],"formalization,":[24],"making":[25,74],"sense":[26,75,286],"involves":[27],"constructing":[28],"symbolic":[30],"causal":[31,56,117,137],"theory":[32,57,138],"that":[33,51,101,248,281],"both":[34],"explains":[35],"the":[36,52,55,98,106,127,133,160,182,250],"sequence":[38,204,251],"and":[39,61,156,194,203,225],"also":[40],"satisfies":[41],"set":[43],"unity":[45,48,134],"conditions.":[46,135],"The":[47,230],"conditions":[49],"insist":[50],"constituents":[53],"\u2013":[58,63],"objects,":[59],"properties,":[60],"laws":[62],"must":[64],"be":[65],"integrated":[66],"into":[67],"coherent":[69],"whole.":[70],"On":[71],"account,":[73],"input":[78],"is":[79,87,94,111,143,172,261,266],"type":[81],"program":[83,89],"synthesis,":[84],"but":[85,277],"synthesis.":[90],"Our":[91,109],"second":[92],"contribution":[93],"computer":[96],"implementation,":[97],"Apperception":[99,231],"Engine,":[100],"was":[102,282],"designed":[103,271,283],"satisfy":[105],"above":[107],"requirements.":[108],"system":[110,142,256,265,270,280],"able":[112,144,173],"produce":[114],"interpretable":[115],"human-readable":[116],"theories":[118],"from":[119],"very":[120],"small":[121],"amounts":[122],"data,":[124],"because":[125,263],"strong":[128],"inductive":[129],"bias":[130],"provided":[131],"by":[132,140],"A":[136],"produced":[139],"predict":[146,217],"future":[147,218],"sensor":[148,219,223],"readings,":[149,155,165],"as":[150,152],"well":[151,234],"retrodict":[153,221],"earlier":[154,222],"impute":[157,226],"(fill":[158],"blanks":[161],"of)":[162],"missing":[163,227],"any":[167,288],"combination.":[168],"fact,":[170],"do":[175],"all":[176,236],"three":[177],"tasks":[178],"simultaneously.":[179],"We":[180,244],"tested":[181],"engine":[183],"diverse":[186],"variety":[187],"domains,":[189,238],"including":[190],"cellular":[191],"automata,":[192],"rhythms":[193],"simple":[195],"nursery":[196],"tunes,":[197],"multi-modal":[198],"binding":[199],"problems,":[200],"occlusion":[201],"tasks,":[202],"induction":[205,252],"intelligence":[206,253,275],"tests.":[207],"each":[209],"domain,":[210],"we":[211],"test":[212],"engine's":[214],"ability":[215],"values,":[220,224],"data.":[229],"Engine":[232],"performs":[233],"these":[237],"significantly":[239],"out-performing":[240],"neural":[241],"net":[242],"baselines.":[243],"note":[245],"particular":[247],"tests,":[254,276],"achieved":[257],"human-level":[258],"performance.":[259],"notable":[262],"not":[267],"bespoke":[269],"specifically":[272],"solve":[274],"general-purpose":[279],"make":[285],"sequence.":[290]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3119061441","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2025-01-07T08:32:01.635619","created_date":"2021-01-18"}