{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034860488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-020-09491-8","title":"Writer\u2019s uncertainty identification in scientific biomedical articles: a tool for automatic if-clause tagging","display_name":"Writer\u2019s uncertainty identification in scientific biomedical articles: a tool for automatic if-clause tagging","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034860488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-020-09491-8","mag":"3034860488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-020-09491-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-020-09491-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306424877","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","issn_l":"1574-020X","issn":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965","https://openalex.org/P4310319900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature","Springer Science+Business Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-020-09491-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111909377","display_name":"Paolo Omero","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Omero","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007699440","display_name":"Massimiliano Valotto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimiliano Valotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062610885","display_name":"Riccardo Bellana","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Bellana","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012918034","display_name":"Ramona Bongelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3764-3929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55133342","display_name":"University of Macerata","ror":"https://ror.org/0001fmy77","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55133342"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ramona Bongelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55133342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040376882","display_name":"Ilaria Riccioni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8449-6012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55133342","display_name":"University of Macerata","ror":"https://ror.org/0001fmy77","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55133342"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilaria Riccioni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55133342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049812003","display_name":"Andrzej Zuczkowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-7807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55133342","display_name":"University of Macerata","ror":"https://ror.org/0001fmy77","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55133342"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrzej Zuczkowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55133342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026962283","display_name":"Carlo Tasso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-185X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Tasso","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012918034"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55133342"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.158,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":69,"max":73},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"4","first_page":"1161","last_page":"1181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification","score":0.5667589}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.68504006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.65105766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5667589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.55008864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5407176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.52312106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.420067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4169696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-020-09491-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-020-09491-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306424877","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","issn_l":"1574-020X","issn":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965","https://openalex.org/P4310319900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature","Springer Science+Business Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-020-09491-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-020-09491-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306424877","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","issn_l":"1574-020X","issn":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965","https://openalex.org/P4310319900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature","Springer Science+Business Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","award_id":null}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1005811911","https://openalex.org/W1024674079","https://openalex.org/W1510094087","https://openalex.org/W154734404","https://openalex.org/W1588558467","https://openalex.org/W1607595294","https://openalex.org/W1641957654","https://openalex.org/W1946131201","https://openalex.org/W1966923161","https://openalex.org/W1967561607","https://openalex.org/W1969357139","https://openalex.org/W1975703449","https://openalex.org/W1977547674","https://openalex.org/W1978541018","https://openalex.org/W1980480488","https://openalex.org/W1982464493","https://openalex.org/W1996901382","https://openalex.org/W1998212996","https://openalex.org/W2005853109","https://openalex.org/W2006587457","https://openalex.org/W2008257531","https://openalex.org/W2013366797","https://openalex.org/W2023920482","https://openalex.org/W2028973272","https://openalex.org/W2030986807","https://openalex.org/W2032021697","https://openalex.org/W2032566933","https://openalex.org/W2041004387","https://openalex.org/W2042408352","https://openalex.org/W2046647974","https://openalex.org/W2062837929","https://openalex.org/W2065088903","https://openalex.org/W2066307562","https://openalex.org/W2070101785","https://openalex.org/W2082550766","https://openalex.org/W2085809930","https://openalex.org/W2086817924","https://openalex.org/W2091509179","https://openalex.org/W2094270587","https://openalex.org/W2099228963","https://openalex.org/W2110871096","https://openalex.org/W2111002834","https://openalex.org/W2123207900","https://openalex.org/W2129129117","https://openalex.org/W21541420","https://openalex.org/W2159021374","https://openalex.org/W2159230276","https://openalex.org/W2224451570","https://openalex.org/W2250545324","https://openalex.org/W2250777749","https://openalex.org/W2283257909","https://openalex.org/W2476302291","https://openalex.org/W2493982097","https://openalex.org/W2499482004","https://openalex.org/W2506753191","https://openalex.org/W2563833300","https://openalex.org/W2575988042","https://openalex.org/W2579589574","https://openalex.org/W2592455129","https://openalex.org/W263145544","https://openalex.org/W2737480027","https://openalex.org/W2765147983","https://openalex.org/W2786165441","https://openalex.org/W2796493717","https://openalex.org/W2901613113","https://openalex.org/W2941307081","https://openalex.org/W3099229763","https://openalex.org/W4205411218","https://openalex.org/W4206249616","https://openalex.org/W4211052335","https://openalex.org/W4237855555","https://openalex.org/W4249470828","https://openalex.org/W4383988640","https://openalex.org/W4392145873","https://openalex.org/W629685240","https://openalex.org/W994241381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W613940353","https://openalex.org/W4321636575","https://openalex.org/W3160965418","https://openalex.org/W3123203398","https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2410053581","https://openalex.org/W2383658677","https://openalex.org/W2379392295","https://openalex.org/W2357796999","https://openalex.org/W2055243143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,164],"a":[2,35,48,92,124,170,212,223,228],"previous":[3,199],"study,":[4],"we":[5,168],"manually":[6],"identified":[7],"seven":[8],"categories":[9],"(verbs,":[10],"non-verbs,":[11],"modal":[12,18],"verbs":[13,19],"in":[14,20,34,75,123,188],"the":[15,21,41,56,68,71,76,85,95,102,116,142,152,155,165,184,189,234,240,243],"simple":[16],"present,":[17],"conditional":[22],"mood,":[23],"if,":[24],"uncertain":[25],"questions,":[26],"and":[27,73,89,133,151,176,237],"epistemic":[28,60,246],"future)":[29],"of":[30,37,58,70,101,154,186,205,242],"Uncertainty":[31],"Markers":[32],"(UMs)":[33],"corpus":[36,88],"80":[38],"articles":[39,72],"from":[40,47,211],"British":[42],"Medical":[43],"Journal":[44],"randomly":[45],"sampled":[46],"167-year":[49],"period":[50],"(1840\u20132007).":[51],"The":[52,99,138,179,201],"UMs":[53,96,107],"detected":[54],"on":[55,239],"base":[57],"an":[59],"stance":[61,247],"approach":[62,214,225],"were":[63,144,159],"those":[64],"referring":[65],"only":[66,74,160],"to":[67,83,90,147,197,233],"authors":[69],"present.":[77],"We":[78],"also":[79],"performed":[80,180],"preliminary":[81],"experiments":[82,103,181],"assess":[84],"manual":[86],"annotated":[87],"establish":[91],"baseline":[93],"for":[94,115],"automatic":[97],"detection.":[98],"results":[100,140],"showed":[104],"that":[105,183],"most":[106],"could":[108],"be":[109],"recognized":[110],"with":[111,222],"good":[112],"accuracy,":[113],"except":[114],"if-category,":[117],"which":[118,158,173,215],"includes":[119],"four":[120],"subcategories:":[121],"if-clauses":[122],"narrow":[125],"sense;":[126],"if-less":[127],"clauses;":[128],"as":[129],"if/as":[130],"though;":[131],"if":[132],"whether":[134],"introducing":[135],"embedded":[136],"questions.":[137],"unsatisfactory":[139],"concerning":[141],"if-category":[143,190],"probably":[145],"due":[146],"both":[148],"its":[149],"complexity":[150],"inadequacy":[153],"detection":[156,207],"rules,":[157],"lexical,":[161],"not":[162],"grammatical.":[163],"current":[166],"article,":[167],"describe":[169],"different":[171],"approach,":[172],"combines":[174],"grammatical":[175],"syntactic":[177],"rules.":[178],"show":[182],"identification":[185],"uncertainty":[187,206],"has":[191],"been":[192],"largely":[193],"double":[194],"improved":[195],"compared":[196],"our":[198],"results.":[200],"complex":[202],"overall":[203],"process":[204],"can":[208],"greatly":[209],"profit":[210],"hybrid":[213],"should":[216],"combine":[217],"supervised":[218],"Machine":[219],"learning":[220],"techniques":[221],"knowledge-based":[224],"constituted":[226],"by":[227],"rule-based":[229],"inference":[230],"engine":[231],"devoted":[232],"if-clause":[235],"case":[236],"designed":[238],"basis":[241],"above":[244],"mentioned":[245],"approach.":[248]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3034860488","counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-01-22T01:43:50.577169","created_date":"2020-06-19"}