{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379743664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1507","title":"A systematic review of Green AI","display_name":"A systematic review of Green AI","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379743664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1507"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1507","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/widm.1507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2505707916","display_name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1942-4795","issn":["1942-4795","1942-4787"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"review","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/widm.1507","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041332104","display_name":"Roberto Verdecchia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9206-6637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Verdecchia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florence, Florence, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040439036","display_name":"June Sallou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2230-9351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"June Sallou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004310055","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1615-355X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu\u00eds Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041332104"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"fwci":6.065,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.998931,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9759,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.50359076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon Footprint","score":0.50096154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.59118056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.589987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.50359076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.50096154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4505277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.443946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4171282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.38865337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38856003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33606166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26984897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.2379913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.21245629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19878209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18514693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1507","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/widm.1507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2505707916","display_name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1942-4795","issn":["1942-4795","1942-4787"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1346420","pdf_url":"https://flore.unifi.it/bitstream/2158/1346420/2/WIREs%20Data%20Min%20%20%20Knowl%20-%202023%20-%20Verdecchia%20-%20A%20systematic%20review%20of%20Green%20AI.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Florence"],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1507","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/widm.1507","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2505707916","display_name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1942-4795","issn":["1942-4795","1942-4787"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.44}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1669276382","https://openalex.org/W1971796909","https://openalex.org/W1975675278","https://openalex.org/W1999798506","https://openalex.org/W2124493593","https://openalex.org/W2143628338","https://openalex.org/W2149997269","https://openalex.org/W2276797782","https://openalex.org/W2488255893","https://openalex.org/W2541249978","https://openalex.org/W2547844570","https://openalex.org/W2554302513","https://openalex.org/W2563860341","https://openalex.org/W2588989476","https://openalex.org/W2605831338","https://openalex.org/W2736034775","https://openalex.org/W2783888131","https://openalex.org/W2800920215","https://openalex.org/W2805828232","https://openalex.org/W2810555086","https://openalex.org/W2885527679","https://openalex.org/W2888971660","https://openalex.org/W2890801208","https://openalex.org/W2907882680","https://openalex.org/W2909322638","https://openalex.org/W2962772649","https://openalex.org/W2963240979","https://openalex.org/W2963809228","https://openalex.org/W2969580338","https://openalex.org/W2982785545","https://openalex.org/W2983557247","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3009906407","https://openalex.org/W3021865784","https://openalex.org/W3022566213","https://openalex.org/W3034870003","https://openalex.org/W3038702532","https://openalex.org/W3041169330","https://openalex.org/W3045657448","https://openalex.org/W3046802885","https://openalex.org/W3048650942","https://openalex.org/W3089980319","https://openalex.org/W3093216970","https://openalex.org/W3093818819","https://openalex.org/W3095585857","https://openalex.org/W3103280454","https://openalex.org/W3105381414","https://openalex.org/W3106171539","https://openalex.org/W3109847748","https://openalex.org/W3131220022","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3134690064","https://openalex.org/W3139169234","https://openalex.org/W3139402365","https://openalex.org/W3147588814","https://openalex.org/W3157788795","https://openalex.org/W3168360120","https://openalex.org/W3171352319","https://openalex.org/W3173101542","https://openalex.org/W3176600920","https://openalex.org/W3176653330","https://openalex.org/W3177336161","https://openalex.org/W3177445126","https://openalex.org/W3178161004","https://openalex.org/W3182353176","https://openalex.org/W3194292616","https://openalex.org/W3195580945","https://openalex.org/W3197541977","https://openalex.org/W3200490183","https://openalex.org/W3202169141","https://openalex.org/W3204198940","https://openalex.org/W3208662672","https://openalex.org/W3211903965","https://openalex.org/W3212485740","https://openalex.org/W3212586923","https://openalex.org/W3212880672","https://openalex.org/W3213101878","https://openalex.org/W3213748123","https://openalex.org/W3213876547","https://openalex.org/W3214897310","https://openalex.org/W4200458717","https://openalex.org/W4205248071","https://openalex.org/W4206323673","https://openalex.org/W4206346226","https://openalex.org/W4206801982","https://openalex.org/W4212930502","https://openalex.org/W4214443","https://openalex.org/W4224059091","https://openalex.org/W4224329166","https://openalex.org/W4225004803","https://openalex.org/W4225793574","https://openalex.org/W4229452741","https://openalex.org/W4281725699","https://openalex.org/W4281726815","https://openalex.org/W4281786142","https://openalex.org/W4282822242","https://openalex.org/W4283012459","https://openalex.org/W4283157527","https://openalex.org/W4283704460","https://openalex.org/W4284664530","https://openalex.org/W4284699573","https://openalex.org/W4285234022","https://openalex.org/W4286287841","https://openalex.org/W4310492983","https://openalex.org/W4312721986"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2329895846","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W2011676020","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W1490753184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"With":[1],"the":[2,10,31,35,48,64,70,97,102,152,168,211,231,244],"ever\u2010growing":[3],"adoption":[4],"of":[5,13,34,50,67,75,96,104,138,223],"artificial":[6],"intelligence":[7],"(AI)\u2010based":[8],"systems,":[9],"carbon":[11,32],"footprint":[12],"AI":[14,19,36,53,77,99,124,175,195,203,213,239],"is":[15,79,206,233,254],"no":[16],"longer":[17],"negligible.":[18],"researchers":[20],"and":[21,40,143,161,242],"practitioners":[22],"are":[23,146,155,167,191],"therefore":[24],"urged":[25],"to":[26,47,59,80,129,180,217,235,249],"hold":[27],"themselves":[28],"accountable":[29],"for":[30],"emissions":[33],"models":[37],"they":[38],"design":[39],"use.":[41],"This":[42,252],"led":[43],"in":[44,69,88,193],"recent":[45],"years":[46],"appearance":[49],"researches":[51],"tackling":[52],"environmental":[54],"sustainability,":[55,132],"a":[56,72,93,114,209,220],"field":[57,215],"referred":[58],"as":[60],"Green":[61,76,98,174,194,202,212,238],"AI.":[62],"Despite":[63],"rapid":[65],"growth":[66,116],"interest":[68],"topic,":[71],"comprehensive":[73],"overview":[74],"research":[78,171,214,240],"date":[81],"still":[82],"missing.":[83],"To":[84],"address":[85],"this":[86,89,227],"gap,":[87],"article,":[90],"we":[91],"present":[92],"systematic":[94],"review":[95,228],"literature.":[100],"From":[101],"analysis":[103],"98":[105],"primary":[106],"studies,":[107,142,196],"different":[108],"patterns":[109],"emerge.":[110],"The":[111],"topic":[112],"experienced":[113],"considerable":[115,221],"from":[117,226],"2020":[118],"onward.":[119],"Most":[120,148],"studies":[121],"consider":[122],"monitoring":[123],"model":[125,131],"footprint,":[126],"tuning":[127],"hyperparameters":[128],"improve":[130],"or":[133,157],"benchmarking":[134],"models.":[135],"A":[136],"mix":[137],"position":[139],"papers,":[140],"observational":[141],"solution":[144],"papers":[145,149],"present.":[147],"focus":[150],"on":[151],"training":[153],"phase,":[154],"algorithm\u2010agnostic":[156],"study":[158],"neural":[159],"networks,":[160],"use":[162],"image":[163],"data.":[164],"Laboratory":[165],"experiments":[166],"most":[169,198],"common":[170],"strategy.":[172],"Reported":[173],"energy":[176],"savings":[177,183],"go":[178],"up":[179],"115%,":[181],"with":[182],"over":[184],"50%":[185],"being":[186],"rather":[187],"common.":[188],"Industrial":[189],"parties":[190],"involved":[192],"albeit":[197],"target":[199],"academic":[200,247],"readers.":[201],"tool":[204],"provisioning":[205],"scarce.":[207],"As":[208],"conclusion,":[210],"results":[216,248],"have":[218],"reached":[219],"level":[222],"maturity.":[224],"Therefore,":[225],"emerges":[229],"that":[230],"time":[232],"suitable":[234],"adopt":[236],"other":[237],"strategies,":[241],"port":[243],"numerous":[245],"promising":[246],"industrial":[250],"practice.":[251],"article":[253],"categorized":[255],"under:":[256],"Technologies":[257],">":[258],"Machine":[259],"Learning":[260]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4379743664","counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2025-05-06T12:03:22.661154","created_date":"2023-06-08"}