{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3089067368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.166","title":"Energy efficiency analysis of Drone Small Cells positioning based on reinforcement learning","display_name":"Energy efficiency analysis of Drone Small Cells positioning based on reinforcement learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3089067368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.166","mag":"3089067368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.166","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/itl2.166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238311","display_name":"Internet Technology Letters","issn_l":"2476-1508","issn":["2476-1508"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/itl2.166","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085087483","display_name":"Ana Fl\u00e1via dos Reis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3597-9146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ana Fl\u00e1via dos Reis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology \u2010 Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR) Curitiba Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology \u2010 Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR) Curitiba Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018047770","display_name":"Glauber Brante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-4274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glauber Brante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology \u2010 Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR) Curitiba Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology \u2010 Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR) Curitiba Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027122107","display_name":"Rafaela de Paula Parisotto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4104125","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/041akq887","country_code":"BR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafaela Parisotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florian\u00f3polis Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067391848","display_name":"Richard Demo Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7389-6245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4104125","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/041akq887","country_code":"BR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard D. Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florian\u00f3polis Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061942506","display_name":"Paulo H. V. Klaine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo H. V. Klaine","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040518322","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Battistella","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Battistella","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331811","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad A. Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085087483"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"],"apc_list":{"value":2630,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2630},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.567,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.713312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":80,"max":82},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.90829974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.62953126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-learning","display_name":"Q-learning","score":0.53762674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.90829974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8759259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7117638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.62953126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6094935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.53762674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.53081536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4626978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.44911185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4103921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34604758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3024263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19491106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16154474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12615451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09307054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.166","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/itl2.166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238311","display_name":"Internet Technology Letters","issn_l":"2476-1508","issn":["2476-1508"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/214622/7/214622.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/214622/7/214622.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400411","display_name":"Enlighten: Publications (The University of Glasgow)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","host_organization_name":"University of Glasgow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Glasgow"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.166","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/itl2.166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238311","display_name":"Internet Technology Letters","issn_l":"2476-1508","issn":["2476-1508"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.91}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award_id":null}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988456768","https://openalex.org/W2206930994","https://openalex.org/W2784320632","https://openalex.org/W2799343071","https://openalex.org/W2945628562","https://openalex.org/W2962804513","https://openalex.org/W2963258937","https://openalex.org/W2963615009","https://openalex.org/W2964023906","https://openalex.org/W2972656576","https://openalex.org/W3098405735","https://openalex.org/W3106530718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4376605461","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W3087814763","https://openalex.org/W2937181779","https://openalex.org/W2892507673","https://openalex.org/W2537866915","https://openalex.org/W2361647908","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2166117066","https://openalex.org/W2136202932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"proposes":[2],"an":[3],"algorithm":[4],"to":[5,28,88,111],"optimize":[6],"the":[7,10,25,41,47,50,53,58,62,65,71,78,81,90,98,104,112],"positioning":[8,60],"and":[9],"transmit":[11,73,82],"power":[12,83],"of":[13,61,80,85],"Drone":[14],"Small":[15],"Cells":[16],"(DSCs)":[17],"based":[18],"on":[19,44],"Q":[20,54],"\u2010learning,":[21],"a":[22,30,108],"technique":[23],"where":[24],"agents":[26],"learn":[27],"maximize":[29],"given":[31],"reward.":[32],"We":[33],"consider":[34],"two":[35],"different":[36],"rewards":[37],"in":[38,64],"this":[39],"work,":[40],"first":[42],"focusing":[43],"coverage,":[45],"while":[46],"second":[48,99],"maximizes":[49],"lifetime.":[51],"Then,":[52],"\u2010learning":[55],"solution":[56],"determines":[57],"best":[59],"DSC":[63],"3D":[66],"space,":[67],"as":[68,70],"well":[69],"optimal":[72],"power.":[74],"Results":[75],"show":[76,96],"that":[77,97],"optimization":[79],"is":[84],"paramount":[86],"importance":[87],"reduce":[89],"outage":[91],"probability.":[92],"In":[93],"addition,":[94],"we":[95],"reward":[100],"can":[101],"considerably":[102],"increase":[103],"network":[105],"lifetime":[106],"with":[107],"small":[109],"penalty":[110],"coverage.":[113]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3089067368","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-04-21T15:57:07.978506","created_date":"2020-10-01"}