{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T16:40:51Z","timestamp":1740156051051,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]],"date-time":"2016-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"We review some approaches to macroscopic irreversibility from reversible microscopic dynamics, introducing the contribution of time dependent perturbations within the framework of recent developments in non-equilibrium statistical physics. We show that situations commonly assumed to violate the time reversal symmetry (presence of magnetic fields, rotating reference frames, and some time dependent perturbations) in reality do not violate this symmetry, and can be treated with standard theories and within standard experimental protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym8080073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]],"date-time":"2016-07-29T14:40:24Z","timestamp":1469803224000},"page":"73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Broken versus Non-Broken Time Reversal Symmetry: Irreversibility and Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5800-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Dal Cengio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4223-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamberto","family":"Rondoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche& Graphene@PoliTO Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"INFN, Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giura 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Malaysia Italy Centre of Excellence for Mathematical Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1550188","article-title":"The history of noise","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cercignani, C. (1987). The Boltzmann Equation and Its Applications, Spriger-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1039-9"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1063\/1.881363","article-title":"Boltzmann\u2019s Entropy and Time\u2019s Arrow","volume":"46","author":"Lebowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoover, W.G., Posch, H., and Holian, B.L. (1994). Is Boltzmann Entropy Time\u2019s Arrow\u2019s Archer?. Phys. Today, 47.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2808690"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Menahem, Y., and Hemmo, M. (2012). Probability in Physics, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21329-8"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Khinchin, A. (1949). Mathematical Foundations of Statistical Mechanics, Dover Publications."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Cover, T.M., and Thomas, J.A. (1991). Elements of Information Theory, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castiglione, P., Falcioni, M., Lesne, A., and Vulpiani, A. (2008). Chaos and Coarse Graining in Statistical Mechanics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511535291"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2015.09.036","article-title":"The role of the number of degrees of freedom and chaos in macroscopic irreversibility","volume":"442","author":"Cerino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physica A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Menahem, Y., and Hemmo, M. (2012). Probability in Physics, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21329-8"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Penrose, R. (2004). The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, Jonathan Cape."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albert, D.Z. (2000). Time and Chance, Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674020139"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, D.J., and Morriss, G.P. (2008). Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Liquids, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511535307"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chibbaro, S., Rondoni, L., and Vulpiani, A. (2014). Reductionism, Emergence and Levels of Reality. The Importance of Being Borderline, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06361-4"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8113\/43\/13\/133001","article-title":"Deterministic thermostats, theories of nonequilibrium systems and parallels with the ergodic condition","volume":"43","author":"Jepps","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. A Math. Theor."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.71.2401","article-title":"Probability of second law violations in shearing steady flows","volume":"71","author":"Evans","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.010601","article-title":"Nonequilibrium Steady-State Fluctuations in Actively Cooled Resonators","volume":"103","author":"Bonaldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032119","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.90.032119","article-title":"Thermal noise of mechanical oscillators in steady states with a heat flux","volume":"90","author":"Conti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60004","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/108\/60004","article-title":"Time reversal symmetry in time-dependent correlation functions for systems in a constant magnetic field","volume":"108","author":"Bonella","year":"2014","journal-title":"EPL"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"De Grood, S.R., and Mazur, P. (2011). Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, Dover Publications."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004550307453","article-title":"Onsager Symmetry from Microscopic TP Invariance","volume":"96","author":"Gabrielli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Stat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115014","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/15\/11\/115014","article-title":"Multivariate fluctuation relations for currents","volume":"15","author":"Gaspard","year":"2013","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10955-007-9372-3","article-title":"The steady state fluctuation relation for the dissipation function","volume":"128","author":"Searles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Stat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154002","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8113\/49\/15\/154002","article-title":"A dynamical-systems interpretation of the dissipation function, T-mixing and their relation to thermodynamic relaxation","volume":"49","author":"Jepps","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rondoni, L., Evans, D.J., Searles, D.J., and Williams, S.R. (2016). On typicality in nonequilibrium steady states. J. Stat. Phys., in press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1080\/00018730210155133","article-title":"The Fluctuation Theorem","volume":"51","author":"Evans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014504","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2812241","article-title":"On the Fluctuation Theorem for the Dissipation Function and Its Connection with Response Theory","volume":"128","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubo, R., Toda, M., and Hashitsume, N. (1985). Statistical Physics II, Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics, Springer Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-96701-6"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physd.2011.12.005","article-title":"Equilibrium, fluctuation relations and transport for irreversible deterministic dynamics","volume":"241","author":"Colangeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.181101","article-title":"Identification of a Gravitational Arrow of Time","volume":"113","author":"Barbour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, S., Tumulka, R., and Zangh\u00ed, N. (2016). Is the Hypothesis about a Low Entropy Initial State of the Universe Necessary for Explaining the Arrow of Time?.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.94.023520"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/8\/8\/73\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T12:03:03Z","timestamp":1717588983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/8\/8\/73"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["sym8080073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym8080073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]]}}}