{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T07:54:06Z","timestamp":1723017246494},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"In the case of autonomous orchard navigation, researchers have developed algorithms that utilize features, such as trunks, canopies, and sky in orchards, but there are still various difficulties in recognizing free space for autonomous navigation in a changing agricultural environment. In this study, we applied the Naive Bayesian classification to detect the boundary between the trunk and the ground and propose an algorithm to determine the center line of free space. The na\u00efve Bayesian classification requires a small number of samples for training and a simple training process. In addition, it was able to effectively classify tree trunk\u2019s points and noise points of the orchard, which are problematic in vision-based processing, and noise caused by small branches, soil, weeds, and tree shadows on the ground. The performance of the proposed algorithm was investigated using 229 sample images obtained from an image acquisition system with a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Image Sensor (CIS) camera. The center line detected by the unaided-eye manual decision and the results extracted by the proposed algorithm were compared and analyzed for several parameters. In all compared parameters, extracted center line was more stable than the manual center line results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10090355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T15:12:42Z","timestamp":1534864362000},"page":"355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Orchard Free Space and Center Line Estimation Using Naive Bayesian Classifier for Unmanned Ground Self-Driving Vehicle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hong-Kun","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Devices and Systems Research Group, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Devices and Systems Research Group, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Devices and Systems Research Group, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"}]},{"given":"Seong Woo","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"}]},{"given":"Byeongdae","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Devices and Systems Research Group, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00087512","article-title":"Notes on new advancements and revelations in the agricultural archaeology of early rice domestication in the Dongting Lake region","volume":"72","author":"Anping","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00087524","article-title":"The Middle Yangtze region in China is one place where rice was domesticated: Phytolith evidence from the Diaotonghuan Cave, Northern Jiangxi","volume":"72","author":"Zhijun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/537301a","article-title":"Agricultural R&D is on the move","volume":"537","author":"Pardey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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