{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T14:10:28Z","timestamp":1727187028386},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF) Central Gap Fund","award":["NRF2020NRF-CG001-040"]},{"name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) A*ccelerate GAP Funding","award":["PG\/20191108\/014"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Underground telecommunication cables are highly susceptible to damage from excavation activities. Preventing accidental damage to underground telecommunication cables is critical and necessary. In this study, we present field trial results of monitoring excavation activities near underground fiber cables using an intensity-based phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (\u03c6-OTDR). The reasons for choosing intensity-based \u03c6-OTDR for excavation monitoring are presented and analyzed. The vibration signals generated by four typical individual excavation events, i.e., cutting, hammering, digging, and tamping at five different field trial sites, as well as five different mixed events in the fifth field trial site were investigated. The findings indicate that various types of events can generate vibration signals with different features. Typically, fundamental peak frequencies of cutting, hammering and tamping events ranged from 30 to 40 Hz, 11 to 15 Hz, and 30 to 40 Hz, respectively. Digging events, on the other hand, presented a broadband frequency spectrum without a distinct peak frequency. Moreover, due to differences in environmental conditions, even identical excavation events conducted with the same machine may also generate vibration signals with different characteristics. The diverse field trial results presented offer valuable insights for both research and the practical implementation of excavation monitoring techniques for underground cables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24186081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T11:38:57Z","timestamp":1726832337000},"page":"6081","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of Field Trial Results for Excavation-Activities Monitoring with \u03c6-OTDR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-1417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2<\/sup>R), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2<\/sup>R), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8822-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora Juan Juan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2<\/sup>R), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1606-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nhu Khue","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2<\/sup>R), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Lianlian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2<\/sup>R), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Gen Liang","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2<\/sup>R), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Jun Hong","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ST Engineering Urban Solutions Ltd., 6 Ang Mo Kio Electronics Park Road, Singapore 567711, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hio, L. 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