{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:54:17Z","timestamp":1740149657168,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"This study presents a novel approach to enhancing indoor navigation in crowded multi-terminal airports using visible light communication (VLC) technology. By leveraging existing luminaires as transmission points, encoded messages are conveyed through modulated light signals to provide location-specific guidance. The objectives are to facilitate navigation, optimize routes, and improve system performance through Edge\/Fog integration. The methodology includes the use of tetrachromatic LED-equipped luminaires with On\u2013Off Keying (OOK) modulation and a mesh cellular hybrid structure. Detailed airport modeling and user analysis (pedestrians and luggage\/passenger carriers) equipped with PINPIN optical sensors are conducted. A VLC-specific communication protocol with coding and decoding techniques ensures reliable data transmission, while wayfinding algorithms offer real-time guidance. The results show effective data transmission and localization, enabling self-localization, travel direction inference, and route optimization. Agent-based simulations demonstrate improved traffic control, with analyses of user halting and average speed. This approach provides reliable indoor navigation independent of GPS signals, enhancing accessibility and convenience for airport users. The integration of VLC with Edge\/Fog architecture ensures efficient movement through complex airport layouts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T16:58:07Z","timestamp":1724432287000},"page":"5445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Indoor Airport Navigation with Advanced Visible Light Communication Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1150-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel Augusto","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4167-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0279-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9938-0351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7060497","article-title":"WiFi-based indoor positioning","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lin, X.Y., Ho, T.W., Fang, C.C., Yen, Z.S., Yang, B.J., and Lai, F. (2015, January 25\u201329). A mobile indoor positioning system based on iBeacon technology. 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