{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T21:10:41Z","timestamp":1731273041034,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB2406002"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"X-ray computed tomography (XCT) has become a powerful technique for studying lithium-ion batteries, allowing non-destructive 3D imaging across multiple spatial scales. Image quality is particularly important for observing the internal structure of lithium-ion batteries. During multiple rotations, the existence of cumulative errors and random errors in the rotary table leads to errors in the projection angle, affecting the imaging quality of XCT. The accuracy of the projection angle is an important factor that directly affects imaging. However, the impact of the projection angle on XCT reconstruction imaging is difficult to quantify. Therefore, the required precision of the projection angle sensor cannot be determined explicitly. In this research, we selected a common 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion battery for experiments. By setting up an XCT scanning platform and installing an angle sensor to calibrate the projection angle, we proceeded with image reconstruction after introducing various angle errors. When comparing the results, we found that projection angle errors lead to the appearance of noise and many stripe artifacts in the image. This is particularly noticeable in the form of many irregular artifacts in the image background. The overall variation and residual projection error in detection indicators can effectively reflect the trend in image quality. This research analyzed the impact of projection angle errors on imaging and improved the quality of XCT imaging by installing angle sensors on a rotary table.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T08:36:17Z","timestamp":1707381377000},"page":"1102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Projection-Angle-Sensor-Assisted X-ray Computed Tomography for Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6736-7611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingling","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, China"},{"name":"International Research Center for Advanced Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Haining 314499, China"}]},{"given":"Quanyuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"International Research Center for Advanced Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Haining 314499, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3626-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangchao","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"International Research Center for Advanced Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Haining 314499, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sun, W., Brown, S., and Leach, R. (2012). An overview of industrial X-ray computed tomography. NPL Rep., ENG 32, Available online: https:\/\/eprintspublications.npl.co.uk\/5385\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2019.06.007","article-title":"X-ray computed tomography: From medical imaging to dimensional metrology","volume":"60","author":"Herazo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00015-4","article-title":"X-ray computed tomography","volume":"1","author":"Withers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-070616-123957","article-title":"X-ray tomography for lithium ion battery research: A practical guide","volume":"47","author":"Pietsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.02.063","article-title":"X-ray tomography for lithium ion battery electrode characterisation\u2014A review","volume":"7","author":"Kramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Saxena, S., Xing, Y., Wang, Y., Li, C., Yung, W.K., and Pecht, M. (2018). Analysis of manufacturing-induced defects and structural deformations in lithium-ion batteries using computed tomography. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11040925"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.108084","article-title":"Degradation diagnosis of lithium-ion batteries considering internal gas evolution","volume":"71","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6924","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7924","article-title":"In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway","volume":"6","author":"Finegan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2013.08.066","article-title":"The application of phase contrast X-ray techniques for imaging Li-ion battery electrodes","volume":"324","author":"Eastwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30912","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CP04251A","article-title":"Investigating lithium-ion battery materials during overcharge-induced thermal runaway: An operando and multi-scale X-ray CT study","volume":"18","author":"Finegan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12909","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12909","article-title":"Quantifying microstructural dynamics and electrochemical activity of graphite and silicon-graphite lithium ion battery anodes","volume":"7","author":"Pietsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2019.100792","article-title":"Not all scans are equal: X-ray tomography image quality evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Tshibalanganda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Stolfi, A., De Chiffre, L., and Kasperl, S. (2018). Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140388","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2014.0388","article-title":"Computed tomographic beam-hardening artefacts: Mathematical characterization and analysis","volume":"373","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1179\/174328406X114117","article-title":"Artefacts in X-ray microtomography of materials","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97226-2","article-title":"Limited-angle computed tomography with deep image and physics priors","volume":"11","author":"Barutcu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2023.3316349","article-title":"A review of deep learning ct reconstruction from incomplete projection data","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28149-8","article-title":"Correction of center of rotation and projection angle in synchrotron X-ray computed tomography","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.107453","article-title":"Multi-level X-ray computed tomography (XCT) investigations of commercial lithium-ion batteries from cell to particle level","volume":"66","author":"Dayani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.04.102","article-title":"Multi-scale 3D investigations of a commercial 18650 Li-ion battery with correlative electron-and X-ray microscopy","volume":"357","author":"Gelb","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2011.11.004","article-title":"Electron tomography based on a total variation minimization reconstruction technique","volume":"113","author":"Goris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidky, E.Y., and Pan, X. (2008). Image reconstruction in circular cone-beam computed tomography by constrained, total-variation minimization. Phys. Med. Biol., 53.","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/17\/021"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2014.05.007","article-title":"The reconstructed residual error: A novel segmentation evaluation measure for reconstructed images in tomography","volume":"126","author":"Roelandts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermanek, P., Rathore, J.S., Aloisi, V., and Carmignato, S. (2018). Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59573-3_2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.111061","article-title":"Effect of the number of projections in X-ray CT imaging on image quality and digital volume correlation measurement","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.1.000612","article-title":"Practical cone-beam algorithm","volume":"1","author":"Feldkamp","year":"1984","journal-title":"Josa A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baazouzi, S., Feistel, N., Wanner, J., Landwehr, I., Fill, A., and Birke, K.P. (2023). Design, Properties, and Manufacturing of Cylindrical Li-Ion Battery Cells\u2014A Generic Overview. Batteries, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries9060309"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.08.068","article-title":"Fragmentation of copper current collectors in Li-ion batteries during spherical indentation","volume":"364","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1742","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1001410jes","article-title":"A mechanical aging mechanism in lithium-ion batteries","volume":"161","author":"Waldmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.104563","article-title":"Axially and radially inhomogeneous swelling in commercial 18650 Li-ion battery cells","volume":"52","author":"Blazek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"092003","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/26\/9\/092003","article-title":"Towards geometrical calibration of X-ray computed tomography systems\u2014A review","volume":"26","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Wojtko, K., and Frackowiak, P. (2018). Advances in Manufacturing, Springer."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dassanayake, K.M., Tsutsumi, M., Sato, R., and Ito, H. (2008, January 6). Motion characteristics of high performance rotary tables for CNC machines. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Boston, MS, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2008-66108"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7195","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3045461","article-title":"Technologies and applications of angle sensors: A review","volume":"21","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2794822","article-title":"Design and realization of an optical rotary sensor","volume":"18","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"18","article-title":"Options abound when selecting a sensor for motor feedback","volume":"13","author":"Schweber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Inf. Update"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s10043-017-0367-2","article-title":"Automatic real-time adjustment of pulse signal of incremental photoelectric encoder","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.11.037","article-title":"Absolute angle measurement using a phase-encoded binary graduated disk","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.02.028","article-title":"Absolute optical imaging position encoder","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biguri, A., Dosanjh, M., Hancock, S., and Soleimani, M. (2016). TIGRE: A MATLAB-GPU toolbox for CBCT image reconstruction. Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express, 2.","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/2\/5\/055010"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1994.10476030","article-title":"The three sigma rule","volume":"48","author":"Pukelsheim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Stat."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/4\/1102\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T20:49:54Z","timestamp":1731271794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/4\/1102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s24041102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24041102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]}}}