{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:53:39Z","timestamp":1740149619714,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2022A1515011530"]},{"name":"Shenzhen Natural Science Fund (the Stable Support Plan Program)","award":["GXWD20220818165637002"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11974250"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"VLF magneto-electric (ME) antennas have gained attention for their compact size and high radiation efficiency in lossy conductive environments. However, the need for a large DC magnetic field bias presents challenges for miniaturization, limiting portability. This study introduces a self-biased ME antenna with an asymmetric design using two magneto materials, inducing a magnetization grading effect that reduces the resonant frequency during bending. Operating principles are explored, and performance parameters, including the radiation mechanism, intensity and driving power, are experimentally assessed. Leveraging its excellent direct and converse magneto-electric effect, the antenna proves adept at serving as both a transmitter and a receiver. The results indicate that, at 2.09 mW and a frequency of 24.47 kHz, the antenna has the potential to achieve a 2.44 pT magnetic flux density at a 3 m distance. A custom modulation\u2013demodulation circuit is employed, applying 2ASK and 2PSK to validate communication capability at baseband signals of 10 Hz and 100 Hz. This approach offers a practical strategy for the lightweight and compact design of VLF communication systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T17:01:13Z","timestamp":1705942873000},"page":"694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Biased Magneto-Electric Antenna for Very-Low-Frequency Communications: Exploiting Magnetization Grading and Asymmetric Structure-Induced Resonance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9164-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung Ming","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Center of Experiments and Innovations, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8502-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5129945","article-title":"A theoretical study of acoustically driven antennas","volume":"127","author":"Hassanien","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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