{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T11:50:32Z","timestamp":1744113032648,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0560"]},{"name":"National foreign expert project","award":["G2022165024L"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) appears as a valuable liquid biopsy biomarker in the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer. Here, a biosensing method derived from the AC electrokinetics (ACEK) effect was constructed in this study for the simple, efficient, and rapid method of detection of ctDNA. In the proof-of-concept experiment, ctDNA from the PIK3CA E542K mutant in breast cancer was quantified by detecting a normalized capacitance change rate using a forked-finger gold electrode as the sensing electrode in combination with the ACEK effect. We compared two formats for the construction of the approach by employing varied immobilization strategies; one is to immobilize the DNA capture probe on the electrode surface by Au\u2013S bonding, while the other immobilizes the probe on a self-assembled membrane on the electrode surface by amide bonding. Both formats demonstrated ultrafast detection speed by completing the ctDNA quantification within 1 min and a linear range of 10 fM\u201310 pM was observed. Meanwhile, the immobilization via the self-assembled membrane yielded improved stability, sensitivity, and specificity than its Au\u2013S bonding counterpart. A detection limit of 1.94 fM was eventually achieved using the optimized approach. This research provides a label-free and minute-scale universal method for the detection of various malignant tumors. The ctDNA biosensors based on the ACEK effect improved according to the probe type or electrode structure and have potential applications in tumor drug efficacy prediction, drug resistance monitoring, screening of high-risk groups, differential diagnosis, monitoring of tiny residual lesions, and prognosis determination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T16:15:01Z","timestamp":1705335301000},"page":"547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ACEK Biosensor for the Minute-Scale Quantification of Breast Cancer ctDNA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9255-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"given":"Maoxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"given":"Mingna","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0166-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.114034","article-title":"Current Understandings and Clinical Translation of Nanomedicines for Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"180","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. 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