{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T05:23:13Z","timestamp":1736227393358,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2021M3E5D2A01019547"]},{"name":"KIST Institutional Program","award":["2E32341-23-043"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Controlling the in-car environment, including temperature and ventilation, is necessary for a comfortable driving experience. However, it often distracts the driver\u2019s attention, potentially causing critical car accidents. In the present study, we implemented an in-car environment control system utilizing a brain-computer interface (BCI) based on steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). In the experiment, four visual stimuli were displayed on a laboratory-made head-up display (HUD). This allowed the participants to control the in-car environment by simply staring at a target visual stimulus, i.e., without pressing a button or averting their eyes from the front. The driving performances in two realistic driving tests\u2014obstacle avoidance and car-following tests\u2014were then compared between the manual control condition and SSVEP-BCI control condition using a driving simulator. In the obstacle avoidance driving test, where participants needed to stop the car when obstacles suddenly appeared, the participants showed significantly shorter response time (1.42 \u00b1 0.26 s) in the SSVEP-BCI control condition than in the manual control condition (1.79 \u00b1 0.27 s). No-response rate, defined as the ratio of obstacles that the participants did not react to, was also significantly lower in the SSVEP-BCI control condition (4.6 \u00b1 14.7%) than in the manual control condition (20.5 \u00b1 25.2%). In the car-following driving test, where the participants were instructed to follow a preceding car that runs at a sinusoidally changing speed, the participants showed significantly lower speed difference with the preceding car in the SSVEP-BCI control condition (15.65 \u00b1 7.04 km\/h) than in the manual control condition (19.54 \u00b1 11.51 km\/h). The in-car environment control system using SSVEP-based BCI showed a possibility that might contribute to safer driving by keeping the driver\u2019s focus on the front and thereby enhancing the overall driving performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T16:15:01Z","timestamp":1705335301000},"page":"545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In-Car Environment Control Using an SSVEP-Based Brain-Computer Interface with Visual Stimuli Presented on Head-Up Display: Performance Comparison with a Button-Press Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seonghun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5202-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minsu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyerin","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Jinuk","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3795-3318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Hwan","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.187179","article-title":"Trends in fatalities from distracted driving in the United States, 1999 to 2008","volume":"100","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. 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