{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T14:24:58Z","timestamp":1742394298223,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019XKQYMS52"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"The BDS multipath delay error is highly related to the surrounding monitoring environment, which cannot be eliminated or mitigated by applying the double difference observation model. In the actual monitoring environment, due to the complexity of the BDS constellation, it is difficult for existing algorithms to consider GEO, IGSO, MEO and other different orbital types of satellites for real-time and efficient multipath error reduction. Therefore, we propose a novel BDS dual-frequency multipath error reduction method for real deformation monitoring for BDS considering various satellite orbit types. This method extracts the single error residual of each satellite based on the assumption of \u201czero mean\u201d and divides the appropriate grid density of GEO and IGSO\/MEO, respectively, to construct a dual-frequency multipath hemispherical map model suitable for BDS satellites with different orbital types. This method can realize the multipath error elimination of the observed values of different orbits and different frequencies. The results of simulation experiments and real deformation monitoring data demonstrate that this method can effectively eliminate low-frequency multipath delay errors in the observation domain and coordinate domain. After multipath correction, the precision of the horizontal coordinates and height coordinates are 1.7 mm and 4.6 mm. The precision of the horizontal coordinate and height coordinate is increased by 50% and 60%, respectively. The fixed rate of ambiguity increased by 5\u20137%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T04:49:30Z","timestamp":1689310170000},"page":"6357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["BDS Dual-Frequency Carrier Phase Multipath Hemispherical Map Model and Its Application in Real-Time Deformation Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8050-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuzhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Xingwang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Digital Construction and Evaluation of Urban Rail Transit, China Railway Design Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300308, China"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teunissen, P., and Montenbruck, O. 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