{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T05:16:44Z","timestamp":1736227004536,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"The use of stereophotogrammetry systems is challenging when targeting children\u2019s gait analysis due to the time required and the need to keep physical markers in place. For this reason, marker-less photoelectric systems appear to be a solution for accurate and fast gait analysis in youth. The aim of this study is to validate a photoelectric system and its configurations (LED filter setting) on healthy children, comparing the kinematic gait parameters with those obtained from a three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry system. Twenty-seven healthy children were enrolled. Three LED filter settings for the OptoGait were compared to the BTS P6000. The analysis included the non-parametric 80% limits of agreement and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Additionally, normalised limits of agreement and bias (NLoAs and Nbias) were compared to the clinical experience of physical therapists (i.e., assuming an error lower than 5% is acceptable). ICCs showed excellent consistency for most of the parameters and filter settings; NLoAs varied between 1.39% and 12.62%. An inverse association between the number of LEDs for filter setting and the bias values was also observed. Observations confirm the validity of the OptoGait system for the evaluation of spatiotemporal gait parameters in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23136059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T04:53:16Z","timestamp":1688359996000},"page":"6059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Estimation of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Walking on a Photoelectric System: Validation on Healthy Children by Standard Gait Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5732-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Campagnini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1811-102X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Schlechtriem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Fransvea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Simoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Gerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Magaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5021-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Cristella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Riener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Carrozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0760-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Mannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.02.003","article-title":"Estimation of Spatial-Temporal Gait Parameters in Level Walking Based on a Single Accelerometer: Validation on Normal Subjects by Standard Gait Analysis","volume":"108","author":"Benedetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.81","article-title":"Concurrent Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of the OPTOGait Photoelectric Cell System for the Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Parameters of the Gait of Young Adults","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.06.015","article-title":"Validity of the Optogait Photoelectric System for the Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters","volume":"35","author":"Lienhard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v12.i7.467","article-title":"Technological Advancements in the Analysis of Human Motion and Posture Management through Digital Devices","volume":"12","author":"Roggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.04.047","article-title":"The Use of Wearable Devices for Walking and Running Gait Analysis Outside of the Lab: A Systematic Review","volume":"63","author":"Benson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluge, F., Ga\u00dfner, H., Hannink, J., Pasluosta, C., Klucken, J., and Eskofier, B. (2017). Towards Mobile Gait Analysis: Concurrent Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of an Inertial Measurement System for the Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Gait Parameters. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071522"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202255","article-title":"Gait Analysis Using Wearable Sensors","volume":"12","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.3390\/s140203362","article-title":"Gait Analysis Methods: An Overview of Wearable and Non-Wearable Systems, Highlighting Clinical Applications","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"186","article-title":"Human Movement Analysis Using StereophotogrammetryPart 1: Theoretical Background","volume":"21","author":"Cappozzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leusmann, P., Mollering, C., Klack, L., Kasugai, K., Ziefle, M., and Rumpe, B. (2011, January 6\u20139). Your Floor Knows Where You Are: Sensing and Acquisition of Movement Data. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 12th International Conference on Mobile Data Management, Lulea, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/MDM.2011.29"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Middleton, L., Buss, A.A., Bazin, A., and Nixon, M.S. (2005, January 17\u201318). A Floor Sensor System for Gait Recognition. Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies (AutoID\u201905), Buffalo, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.09.001","article-title":"Human Movement Analysis: The Soft Tissue Artefact Issue","volume":"62","author":"Camomilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn, J., Blanco, T., Mar\u00edn, J.J., Moreno, A., Martitegui, E., and Arag\u00fc\u00e9s, J.C. (2019). Integrating a Gait Analysis Test in Hospital Rehabilitation: A Service Design Approach. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224409"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_334_18","article-title":"Internal, External, and Ecological Validity in Research Design, Conduct, and Evaluation","volume":"40","author":"Andrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian. J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.08.035","article-title":"Reliability of the OptoGait Portable Photoelectric Cell System for the Quantification of Spatial-Temporal Parameters of Gait in Young Adults","volume":"50","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023, January 09). Applications of Gait Analysis in Pediatric Orthopaedics: Current Orthopaedic Practice May 2016 |PDF| Anatomical Terms Of Motion|Foot. Available online: https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/519199622\/Applications-of-gait-analysis-in-pediatric-19."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.034","article-title":"Attentional Load of Walking in Children Aged 7\u201312 and in Adults","volume":"56","author":"Chauvel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.4.1.36","article-title":"An Examination of Efficiency during Walking in Children and Adults","volume":"4","author":"Ebbeling","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/10447311003719896","article-title":"Ecological Validity and Pervasiveness in the Evaluation of Ubiquitous Computing Technologies for Health Care","volume":"26","author":"Favela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.06.017","article-title":"Agreement between Spatiotemporal Parameters from a Photoelectric System with Different Filter Settings and High-Speed Video Analysis during Running on a Treadmill at Comfortable Velocity","volume":"93","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890658","article-title":"Agreement between the Spatio-Temporal Gait Parameters from Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and the Instrumented Treadmill System in Healthy Young Adults and Stroke Patients","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014501","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4041619","article-title":"Agreement Between the Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters of Healthy Adults From the OptoGait System and a Traditional Three-Dimensional Motion Capture System","volume":"141","author":"Healy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbajales-Lopez, J., Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, R., Losa-Iglesias, M.E., Casado-Hern\u00e1ndez, I., Benito-De Pedro, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Sanz, D., Calvo-Lobo, C., and San Antol\u00edn, M. (2020). The OptoGait Motion Analysis System for Clinical Assessment of 2D Spatio-Temporal Gait Parameters in Young Adults: A Reliability and Repeatability Observational Study. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113726"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/00140136608964399","article-title":"The Relationships between Length of Stride, Step Frequency, Time of Swing and Speed of Walking for Children and Adults","volume":"9","author":"Grieve","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198111000-00004","article-title":"Development of Gait in the Normal Child","volume":"1","author":"Norlin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latorre-Rom\u00e1n, P.\u00c1., P\u00e1rraga-Montilla, J.A., Robles-Fuentes, A., Roche-Seruendo, L.E., Lucena-Zurita, M., Mu\u00f1oz-Jim\u00e9nez, M., Manj\u00f3n-Pozas, D., Salas-S\u00e1nchez, J., da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, F.A., and Consuegra Gonz\u00e1lez, P.J. (2022). Reference Values of Spatial and Temporal Gait Parameters in a Contemporary Sample of Spanish Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9081150"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z","article-title":"A Gait Analysis Data Collection and Reduction Technique","volume":"10","author":"Ounpuu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming Inferences About Some Intraclass Correlation Coefficients","volume":"1","author":"Mcgraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement","volume":"1","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.33393\/gcnd.2017.622","article-title":"Agreement Between Quantitative Measurements: The Bland-Altman Method","volume":"29","author":"Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"G. Di Tec. Nefrol. E Dial."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.015","article-title":"Understanding Bland Altman Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Giavarina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03150.x","article-title":"Outcome Tools Used for Ambulatory Children with Cerebral Palsy: Responsiveness and Minimum Clinically Important Differences","volume":"50","author":"Oeffinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Hallman-Cooper, J.L., and Rocha Cabrero, F. (2022). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/6059\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T10:54:41Z","timestamp":1736160881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/6059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23136059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23136059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}