{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T05:37:00Z","timestamp":1737178620510,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (CONACYT)"},{"name":"Academic Multidisciplinary Reynosa-Rodhe Unit"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020718","name":"Autonomous University of Tamaulipas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"The present research exposes a novel methodology to manufacture fiber optic sensors following the etching process by Hydrofluoric Acid deposition through a real-time monitoring diameter measurement by computer vision. This is based on virtual instrumentation developed with the National Instruments\u00ae technology and a conventional digital microscope. Here, the system has been tested proving its feasibility by the SMS structure diameter reduction from its original diameter of 125 \u03bc until approximately 42.5\u00a0\u03bcm. The results obtained have allowed us to demonstrate a stable state behavior of the developed system during the etching process through diameter measurement at three different structure sections. Therefore, this proposal will contribute to the etched fiber optic sensor development that requires reaching an enhanced sensitivity. Finally, to demonstrate the previously mentioned SMS without chemical corrosion, and the etched manufactured SMS, both have been applied as glucose concentration sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T06:11:22Z","timestamp":1687846282000},"page":"5951","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Low-Cost Online Monitoring System for the Etching Process in Fiber Optic Sensors by Computer Vision"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3239-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenceslao Eduardo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reynosa Rodhe Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Department of Computational Sciences and Technologies, Computational Systems Academy, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), Reynosa-San Fernando Highway, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Abraham","family":"Puente-Sujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reynosa Rodhe Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Department of Computational Sciences and Technologies, Computational Systems Academy, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), Reynosa-San Fernando Highway, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0894-4351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo Josu\u00e9","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reynosa Rodhe Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Department of Computational Sciences and Technologies, Computational Systems Academy, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), Reynosa-San Fernando Highway, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2229-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio R.","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Tom\u00e1s","family":"Vargas-Requena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reynosa Rodhe Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Department of Computational Sciences and Technologies, Computational Systems Academy, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), Reynosa-San Fernando Highway, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Luis Antonio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reynosa Rodhe Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Department of Computational Sciences and Technologies, Computational Systems Academy, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), Reynosa-San Fernando Highway, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budd, E., and Spillman, W.B. (2011). Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction of Engineers and Scientists, Wiley. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118014103"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2458893","article-title":"Fiber-optic Refractive index sensor based on multi-tapered SMS fiber structure","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2107737","article-title":"Intrinsic Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot cavity sensor based on etched multimode graded index fiber for strain and temperature measurement","volume":"12","author":"Tafulo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2510360","article-title":"Fiber optic pressure sensor using a conformal polymer on multimode interference device","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/ac303159b","article-title":"Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors (2008\u20132012)","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b04708","article-title":"Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors (2015\u20132019)","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2007.891933","article-title":"Design of pH sensors in long-period fiber gratings using polymeric nanocoatings","volume":"7","author":"Corres","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2019.02.104","article-title":"Fiber optic evanescent wave absorption-based sensors: A detailed review of advancements in the last decade (2077-19)\u201d","volume":"183","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-0302(12)60059-0","article-title":"Fabrication of submicron-diameter and taper fibers using chemical etching","volume":"28","author":"Kbashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korposh, S., James, S.W., Lee, S.W., and Tatam, R.P. (2019). Tapered optical fibre sensors: Current trends and future perspectives. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102294"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2020.102436","article-title":"Fabrication of stepped optical fiber tip for miniaturized scanners","volume":"61","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00008-4","article-title":"Chemical tapering of polymer optical fiber","volume":"76","author":"Merchant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"165154","article-title":"All fiber-optic temperature sensor based on cladding etched no-core fiber coated with nanostructured copper oxide-polyvinyl alcohol thin film","volume":"220","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.02.005","article-title":"Sensitivity enhancement experimental demonstration using a low cutoff wavelength SMS modified structure coated with a pH sensitive film","volume":"262","author":"Matias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17817","DOI":"10.3390\/s140917817","article-title":"Gasohol Quality Control for Real Time Applications by Means of a Multimode Interference Fiber Sensor","volume":"14","author":"Matias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126205","DOI":"10.1088\/1555-6611\/abbe83","article-title":"Dynamics rate of fiber chemical etching: New partial removal of cladding technique for humidity sensing application","volume":"30","author":"Riza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116002","DOI":"10.1088\/1555-6611\/aad846","article-title":"Etched optical fiber for measuring and refractive index of sucrose solutions by evanescent waves","volume":"28","author":"Morales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"8057","article-title":"Low-cost fabrication, and characterization process for development of a sensitive optical fiber structure","volume":"61","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Opt. Eng. Lab. Notes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2016.11.005","article-title":"Sensitivity optimization of ZnO clad-modified optical fiber humidity sensor by means of tuning the optical fiber waist diameter","volume":"30","author":"Azad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Villar, I., Rodr\u00edguez, W.E., Fuentes, O., Socorro, A.B., Diaz, S., Corres, J.M., James, S.W., and Tatam, R.P. (2017). Sensitivity Enhancement in Low Cutoff Wavelength Long-Period Fiber Gratings by Cladding Diameter Reduction. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092094"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11342","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2995610","article-title":"Low Cutoff Wavelength Etched SMS Structures Towards Verification of the Quality of Automotive Antifreeze","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2012.01.048","article-title":"Research on fiber-optic etching method for evanescent wave sensors","volume":"124","author":"Ziao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Punjabi, N., and Satija, J. (2015). Sensing Technology: Current Status and Future Trends III Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 11, Springer."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130812","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.10.20130812","article-title":"Multimode\/interference\/structure optical\/fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity","volume":"18","author":"Fukano","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEICE Electron. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1109\/50.372474","article-title":"Optical Multi-Mode Interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and Applications","volume":"4","author":"Soldano","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.10.023","article-title":"Investigation of the high sensitivity RI sensor based on SMS fiber structure","volume":"205","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"315","article-title":"The importance of glucose: Understanding its role in the human body","volume":"7","author":"Yhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiavaioli, F., Gouveia, C.A.J., Jorge, P.A.S., and Baldini, F. (2017). Towards a uniform metrological assessment of grating-based optical fiber sensors: From refractometers to biosensors. Biosensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7020023"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5951\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T03:10:14Z","timestamp":1737169814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23135951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135951","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]}}}