{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T18:36:51Z","timestamp":1720550211607},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Production of bowel sounds, established in the 1900s, has limited application in existing patient-care regimes and diagnostic modalities. We review the physiology of bowel sound production, the developments in recording technologies and the clinical application in various scenarios, to understand the potential of a bowel sound recording and analysis device\u2014the phonoenterogram in future gastroenterological practice. Bowel sound production depends on but is not entirely limited to the type of food consumed, amount of air ingested and the type of intestinal contractions. Recording technologies for extraction and analysis of these include the wavelet-based filtering, autoregressive moving average model, multivariate empirical mode decompression, radial basis function network, two-dimensional positional mapping, neural network model and acoustic biosensor technique. Prior studies evaluate the application of bowel sounds in conditions such as intestinal obstruction, acute appendicitis, large bowel disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and bowel polyps, ascites, post-operative ileus, sepsis, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson\u2019s disease and neonatal conditions such as hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Recording and analysis of bowel sounds using artificial intelligence is crucial for creating an accessible, inexpensive and safe device with a broad range of clinical applications. Microwave-based digital phonoenterography has huge potential for impacting GI practice and patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T07:29:08Z","timestamp":1676878148000},"page":"2302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Practicing Digital Gastroenterology through Phonoenterography Leveraging Artificial Intelligence: Future Perspectives Using Microwave Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Renisha","family":"Redij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Avneet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Pratyusha","family":"Muddaloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5018-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshia K.","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Keirthana","family":"Aedma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Rajagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Keerthy","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Ashima","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Devanshi N.","family":"Damani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX 79995, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8548-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor G.","family":"Chedid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Xiao Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Aakre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-5112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3251-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivaram P.","family":"Arunachalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence and burden of functional gastrointestinal disorders, results of Rome Foundation Global Study","volume":"160","author":"Sperber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106143442407","article-title":"The irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"344","author":"Horwitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. 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