{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T05:14:38Z","timestamp":1736140478705,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Centre, Poland","award":["2022\/01\/3\/ST10\/00072"]},{"name":"the Kosciuszko Foundation Program for Ukrainian Scientists \u201cFreedom starts with your mind\u201d"},{"name":"the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine","award":["20BF051-02 [0120U102178]"]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Poland","award":["2021\/WK\/02","28\/530020\/SPUB\/SP\/2022"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Very low frequency (VLF) signals are considered as an important tool to study ionosphere disturbances. We have studied variations in signal amplitude of the Japanese JJI transmitter received by a network of eight Japan stations. The distinctions between characteristics of daytime and nighttime disturbances are considered. Signal processing based on spectral analysis is used to evaluate typical periodicities in the VLF signals in the time range from minutes to hours. In particular, we have retrieved quasi-wave oscillations of the received signal with periods of 4\u201310 and 20\u201325 min, which can be associated with atmospheric gravity waves excited by the solar terminator, earthquakes or other reasons. In addition, oscillations at periods of 3\u20134 h are observed, probably, caused by long-period gravity waves. We also calculate the information entropy to identify main details in daily VLF variations and influence of solar flares. It is shown that the information entropy increases near sunrise and sunset with seasonal variation, and that solar flares also lead to the growth in information entropy. A theoretical interpretation is given to the typical features of ultra-low frequency modulation of VLF electronagnetic wave spectra in Waveguide Earth-Ionosphere, found by processing the experimental data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:17:48Z","timestamp":1666783068000},"page":"8191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spectral Analysis and Information Entropy Approaches to Data of VLF Disturbances in the Waveguide Earth-Ionosphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5178-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriy","family":"Rapoport","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Radio-Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine"},{"name":"Main Center of Special Monitoring, National Space Facility Control and Tests Center, State Space Agency of Ukraine, 01010 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3497-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volodymyr","family":"Reshetnyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2545-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asen","family":"Grytsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8313-6621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volodymyr","family":"Grimalsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8690-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Liashchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Center of Special Monitoring, National Space Facility Control and Tests Center, State Space Agency of Ukraine, 01010 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2327-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alla","family":"Fedorenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and State Space Agency of Ukraine, 01010 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hayakawa Institute of Seismo Electromagnetics Co., Ltd. (Hi-SEM), Tokyo 182-0026, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Krankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Radio-Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"B\u0142aszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Radio-Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2922-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Flisek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Radio-Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kelley, M., and Heelis, R. (1989). 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