{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:52:26Z","timestamp":1740149546886,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"This study uses near-field electrospinning (NFES) technology to make a novel self-powered strain sensor and applies it to the real-time monitoring of a bending structure, so that the measurement equipment can be reduced in volume. A self-powered strain sensor consists of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) fibers, a PDMS fixed substrate, and an aluminum electrode. PVDF fibers are spun with DMSO and acetone using NFES technology, with a diameter of about 8 \u03bcm, Young\u2019s modulus of 1.1 GPa, and piezoelectric effect of up to 230 mV. The fixed substrate is a film made of PDMS by thermal curing, then adhered to the PDMS film surface of the sheet Al metal as an Al electrode, and then combined with PVDF fiber film, to become a self-powered strain sensor. As a result, the XRD \u03b2 value of the self-powered strain sensor reaches 2112 and the sensitivity is increased by 20% over a traditional strain sensor. The cumulative angle algorithm can be applied to measure the angular change of the object over a unit of time or the cumulative displacement of the object over the entire period of motion. The experimental results demonstrate that the self-powered strain sensor combined with the angle accumulation algorithm may be applied to monitor the bending structure, thereby achieving continuous measurements of bending structure changes, and improving on traditional piezoelectric sensors, which can only be sensed once. In the future, self-powered strain sensors will have the ability to continuously measure in real-time, enabling the use of piezoelectric sensors for long-term monitoring of structural techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T03:44:03Z","timestamp":1660621443000},"page":"6084","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Self-Powered Strain Sensor Applied to Real-Time Monitoring for Movable Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yan-Kuei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5114-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Chih","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yen-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2021.106593","article-title":"A stretchable and printable PEDOT:PSS\/PDMS composite conductors and its application to wearable strain sensor","volume":"162","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2021.100718","article-title":"Bioinspired design of highly sensitive flexible tactile sensors for wearable healthcare monitoring","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2021.101279","article-title":"Flexible piezoelectric pressure sensor with high sensitivity for electronic skin using near-field electrohydrodynamic direct-writing method","volume":"48","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zhu, Z., Chen, Z., Liu, M., Zhao, B., Liu, Y., Cheng, Z., Wang, S., Yang, W., and Yu, T. (2021). Recent Advances in Self-Powered Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Sensors: From Material and Structure Design to Frontier Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248422"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.104932","article-title":"Wearable multimode sensors with amplified piezoelectricity due to the multi local strain using 3D textile structure for detecting human body signals","volume":"74","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.04.028","article-title":"Electrospun gelatin nanofiber based self-powered bio-e-skin for health care monitoring","volume":"36","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112907","article-title":"Robust physiological signal monitoring by a flexible piezoresistive sensor microstructured with filamentating laser pulses","volume":"331","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20921","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3094845","article-title":"Wrist Pulse Recording With a Wearable Piezoresistor-Piezoelectret Compound Sensing System and Its Applications in Health Monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4979081","article-title":"Bio-assembled, piezoelectric prawn shell made self-powered wearable sensor for non-invasive physiological signal monitoring","volume":"110","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.08.036","article-title":"Synergistically enhanced piezoelectric output in highly aligned 1D polymer nanofibers integrated all-fiber nanogenerator for wearable nano-tactile sensor","volume":"53","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-013-0328-4","article-title":"Performance of silver nanoparticles in the catalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction in neutral media: Efficiency limitation due to hydrogen peroxide escape","volume":"6","author":"Neumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101629","article-title":"Piezoelectric Nanogenerators based on Graphene Oxide\/PVDF Electrospun Nanofiber with Enhanced Performances by In-Situ Reduction","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.06.613","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVDF) Nanofiber for Application as Piezoelectric Force Sensor","volume":"18","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Cooley, J.F. (1902). Apparatus for Electrically Dispersing Fluids. (692,631A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulah, H., Ulusah, H., Chamanian, S., Batu, A., Ugur, M.B., Yuksel, M.B., Yilmaz, A.M., Yigit, H.A., Koyuncuoglu, A., and Topcu, O. (2022, January 9\u201313). A Fully-Implantable Mems-Based Autonomous Cochlear Implant. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 35th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMS51670.2022.9699689"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105451","article-title":"Selective patterning of out-of-plane piezoelectricity in MoTe2 via focused ion beam","volume":"79","author":"Seol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10323","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2994552","article-title":"A Wearable, Multimodal Sensing System to Monitor Knee Joint Health","volume":"20","author":"Teague","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2021.07.027","article-title":"Flashlight-material interaction for wearable and flexible electronics","volume":"51","author":"Im","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0602701","article-title":"Near-field electrospinning","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.10.061","article-title":"Near field sequentially electrospun three-dimensional piezoelectric fibers arrays for self-powered sensors of human gesture recognition","volume":"30","author":"Fuh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Chen, Y., and Shen, S. (2022, January 21\u201323). Design and fabrication of self-power strain sensor for ship structure real-time monitoring. Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Applied System Innovation, Sun Moon Lake, Nantou, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113580","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of the stress-strain behavior of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substate of wearable strain sensors under uniaxial loading conditions","volume":"341","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6084\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T22:18:30Z","timestamp":1722723510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s22166084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22166084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]}}}