{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T18:22:44Z","timestamp":1722968564398},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP22K12853"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Standard methods for swallowing function evaluation are videofluoroscopy (VF) and videoendoscopy, which are invasive and have test limitations. We examined the use of an earphone-type sensor to noninvasively evaluate soft palate movement in comparison with VF. Six healthy adults wore earphone sensors and swallowed barium water while being filmed by VF. A light-emitting diode at the sensor tip irradiated infrared light into the ear canal, and a phototransistor received the reflected light to detect changes in ear canal movement, including that of the eardrum. Considering that the soft palate movement corresponded to the sensor waveform, a Bland\u2013Altman analysis was performed on the difference in time recorded by each measurement method. The average difference between the time taken from the most downward retracted position before swallowing to the most upward position during swallowing of the soft palate in VF was \u22120.01 \u00b1 0.14 s. The Bland\u2013Altman analysis showed no fixed or proportional error. The minimal detectable change was 0.28 s. This is the first noninvasive swallowing function evaluation through the ear canal. The earphone-type sensor enabled us to measure the time from the most retracted to the most raised soft palate position during swallowing and validated this method for clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T07:50:36Z","timestamp":1657612236000},"page":"5176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation of Earphone-Type Sensors for Non-Invasive and Objective Swallowing Function Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Takuto","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, Hirakata 573-0153, Osaka, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aesthetic Design and Technology, Yasuda Women\u2019s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Hiroshima, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8469-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kurose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutaka","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2021.09.012","article-title":"The current definition, epidemiology, animal models and a novel therapeutic strategy for aspiration pneumonia","volume":"60","author":"Teramoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. 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