{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T12:35:15Z","timestamp":1742387715599,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Path planning techniques are of major importance for the motion of autonomous systems. In addition, the chosen path, safety, and computational burden are essential for ensuring the successful application of such strategies in the presence of obstacles. In this context, this work introduces a modified potential field method that is capable of providing obstacle avoidance, as well as eliminating local minima problems and oscillations in the influence threshold of repulsive fields. A three-dimensional (3D) vortex field is introduced for this purpose so that each robot can choose the best direction of the vortex field rotation automatically and independently according to its position with respect to each object in the workspace. A scenario that addresses swarm flight with sequential cooperation and the pursuit of moving targets in dynamic environments is proposed. Experimental results are presented and thoroughly discussed using a Crazyflie 2.0 aircraft associated with the loco positioning system for state estimation. It is effectively demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can generate feasible paths while taking into account the aforementioned problems in real-time applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T01:26:41Z","timestamp":1645147601000},"page":"1558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Modified Artificial Potential Field for the Path Planning of Aircraft Swarms in Three-Dimensional Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Monteiro Jorge Alves","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5810-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Vieira","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-115X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aniel Silva","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4224-5586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Cl\u00e1udio","family":"Oliveira-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9782-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Costa","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7313-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Lessa","family":"Tofoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Sao Joao del-Rei, Sao Joao del-Rei 36307-352, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, J.R., P\u00e9rez-del-Pulgar, C.J., and Garc\u00eda-Cerezo, A. 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