{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T05:57:55Z","timestamp":1726207075110},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"LiDAR sensors are a key technology for enabling safe autonomous cars. For highway applications, such systems must have a long range, and the covered field of view (FoV) of >45\u00b0 must be scanned with resolutions higher than 0.1\u00b0. These specifications can be met by modern MEMS scanners, which are chosen for their robustness and scalability. For the automotive market, these sensors, and especially the scanners within, must be tested to the highest standards. We propose a novel measurement setup for characterizing and validating these kinds of scanners based on a position-sensitive detector (PSD) by imaging a deflected laser beam from a diffuser screen onto the PSD. A so-called ray trace shifting technique (RTST) was used to minimize manual calibration effort, to reduce external mounting errors, and to enable dynamical one-shot measurements of the scanner\u2019s steering angle over large FoVs. This paper describes the overall setup and the calibration method according to a standard camera calibration. We further show the setup\u2019s capabilities by validating it with a statically set rotating stage and a dynamically oscillating MEMS scanner. The setup was found to be capable of measuring LiDAR MEMS scanners with a maximum FoV of 47\u00b0 dynamically, with an uncertainty of less than 1%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T07:02:57Z","timestamp":1640242977000},"page":"39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["MEMS-Scanner Testbench for High Field of View LiDAR Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2113-4361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin","family":"Baier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Optics Department, Blickfeld GmbH, 80339 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics Department, Blickfeld GmbH, 80339 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Jakobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2010.148","article-title":"Mapping the world in 3D","volume":"2010","author":"Schwarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2016.2556878","article-title":"Scanning LIDAR in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Beyond: Building a road map for next-generation LIDAR technology","volume":"5","author":"Thakur","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Watkins, C., and Xie, H. (2020). MEMS Mirrors for LiDAR: A review. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11050456"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Roriz, R., Cabral, J., and Gomes, T. (2021). Automotive LiDAR Technology: A Survey. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst., 1\u201316."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos, D., Monteiro, P.P., Oliveira, A.S.R., and Drummond, M.V. (2021, January 11\u201312). An Overview of LiDAR Requirements and Techniques for Autonomous Driving. 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