{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T23:15:00Z","timestamp":1725405300107},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Wrist-worn consumer-grade activity trackers are popular devices, developed mainly for personal use. This study aimed to explore the validity, reliability and sensitivity to change of movement behaviors metrics from three activity trackers (Polar Vantage M, Garmin Vivoactive 4s and Garmin Vivosport) in controlled and free-living conditions when worn by older adults. Participants (n = 28; 74 \u00b1 5 years) underwent a videotaped laboratory protocol while wearing all three trackers. On a separate occasion, participants (n = 17 for each of the trackers) wore one (randomly assigned) tracker and a research-grade activity monitor ActiGraph wGT3X-BT simultaneously for six consecutive days. Both Garmin trackers showed excellent performance for step counts, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) below 20% and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) above 0.90 (p < 0.05). The MAPE for sleep time was within 10% for all the trackers tested, while it was far beyond 20% for all other movement behaviors metrics. The results suggested that all three trackers could be used for measuring sleep time with a high level of accuracy, and both Garmin trackers could also be used for step counts. All other output metrics should be used with caution. The results provided in this study could be used to guide choice on activity trackers aiming for different purposes\u2014individual use, longitudinal monitoring or in clinical trial setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T07:47:35Z","timestamp":1632296855000},"page":"6245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Validity, Reliability and Sensitivity to Change of Three Consumer-Grade Activity Trackers in Controlled and Free-Living Conditions among Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaja","family":"Kastelic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrej Maru\u0161i\u010d Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski Trg 2, 6000 Koper, Slovenia"},{"name":"InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Dobnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"L\u00f6fler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiko-& Rheumatherapie, Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Neugeb\u00e4udeplatz 1, 3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Neugeb\u00e4udeplatz 1, 3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"},{"name":"Centre of Active Ageing\u2014Competence Centre for Health, Prevention and Active Ageing, Neugeb\u00e4udeplatz 1, 3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Neugeb\u00e4udeplatz 1, 3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0747-3735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nejc","family":"\u0160arabon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (2018). 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report, Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.023036","article-title":"Physical activity in epidemiology: Moving from questionnaire to objective measurement","volume":"40","author":"Janz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0636-2","article-title":"A systematic literature review of reviews on techniques for physical activity measurement in adults: A DEDIPAC study","volume":"15","author":"Dowd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602118","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the combined heart rate and movement sensor Actiheart","volume":"59","author":"Brage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1140220","article-title":"Validity of SenseWear\u00ae Armband v5.2 and v2.2 for estimating energy expenditure","volume":"34","author":"Bhammar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doherty, A., Jackson, D., Hammerla, N., Pl\u00f6tz, T., Olivier, P., Granat, M.H., White, T., van Hees, V.T., Trenell, M.I., and Owen, C.G. (2017). Large Scale Population Assessment of Physical Activity Using Wrist Worn Accelerometers: The UK Biobank Study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169649"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14517","DOI":"10.2196\/14517","article-title":"Future Patien\u201d Telerehabilitation for Patients With Heart Failure: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"8","author":"Dinesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Statista (2020, December 24). Number of Connected Wearable Devices Worldwide from 2016 to 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/487291\/global-connected-wearable-devices\/#statisticContainer."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.08.002","article-title":"The impact of wearable motion sensing technology on physical activity in older adults","volume":"112","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100324","article-title":"Effect of interventions using physical activity trackers on physical activity in people aged 60 years and over: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0351-4","article-title":"Should we reframe how we think about physical activity and sedentary behaviour measurement? Validity and reliability reconsidered","volume":"13","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dontje, M.L., Dall, P.M., Skelton, D.A., Gill, J.M.R., Chastin, S.F.M., and Seniors USP Team (2018). Reliability, minimal detectable change and responsiveness to change: Indicators to select the best method to measure sedentary behaviour in older adults in different study designs. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195424"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.03.012","article-title":"Data management and wearables in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Alharbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18694","DOI":"10.2196\/18694","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of Commercially Available Wearable Devices for Measuring Steps, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate: Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.03.016","article-title":"The validity and reliability of consumer-grade activity trackers in older, community-dwelling adults: A systematic review","volume":"112","author":"Straiton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0314-1","article-title":"Systematic review of the validity and reliability of consumer-wearable activity trackers","volume":"12","author":"Evenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001966","article-title":"Standardizing Analytic Methods and Reporting in Activity Monitor Validation Studies","volume":"51","author":"Welk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103147","article-title":"Recommendations for determining the validity of consumer wearable and smartphone step count: Expert statement and checklist of the INTERLIVE network","volume":"55","author":"Johnston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.10.008","article-title":"Differences in lower-extremity muscular activation during walking between healthy older and young adults","volume":"19","author":"Schmitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burton, E., Hill, K.D., Lautenschlager, N.T., Th\u00f8gersen-Ntoumani, C., Lewin, G., Boyle, E., and Howie, E. (2018). Reliability and validity of two fitness tracker devices in the laboratory and home environment for older community-dwelling people. BMC Geriatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0793-4"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.10.5.742","article-title":"How Many Hours Are Enough? Accelerometer Wear Time May Provide Bias in Daily Activity Estimates","volume":"10","author":"Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.4.12.370","article-title":"A Biometric Study of Human Basal Metabolism","volume":"4","author":"Harris","year":"1918","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0525-8","article-title":"Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)\u2014Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome","volume":"14","author":"Tremblay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter, C., Yang, C.-H., and West, D. (2021). A Comparison of Sedentary Behavior as Measured by the Fitbit and ActivPAL in College Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18083914"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ed61a3","article-title":"Validation of accelerometer wear and nonwear time classification algorithm","volume":"43","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815a51b3","article-title":"Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer","volume":"40","author":"Troiano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"ActiGraph (2020, December 24). What is the Difference Among the Energy Expenditure Algorithms?. Available online: https:\/\/actigraphcorp.force.com\/support\/s\/article\/What-is-the-difference-among-the-Energy-Expenditure-Algorithms."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","article-title":"Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology","volume":"6","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-62","article-title":"How many days of monitoring predict physical activity and sedentary behaviour in older adults?","volume":"8","author":"Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e14534","article-title":"Accuracy of the multisensory wristwatch polar vantage\u2019s estimation of energy expenditure in various activities: Instrument validation study","volume":"21","author":"Schweizer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00fcking, P., Giessing, L., Frenkel, M.O., Koehler, K., Holmberg, H.C., and Sperlich, B. (2020). Wrist-worn wearables for monitoring heart rate and energy expenditure while sitting or performing light-to-vigorous physical activity: Validation study. JMIR mHealth uHealth, 8.","DOI":"10.2196\/16716"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Climstein, M., Alder, J.L., Brooker, A.M., Cartwright, E.J., Kemp-Smith, K., Simas, V., and Furness, J. (2020). Reliability of the Polar Vantage M Sports Watch when Measuring Heart Rate at Different Treadmill Exercise Intensities. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8090117"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00725","article-title":"Criterion-validity of commercially available physical activity tracker to estimate step count, covered distance and energy expenditure during sports conditions","volume":"8","author":"Wahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-019-00621-1","article-title":"Accuracy of optical heart rate measurement and distance measurement of a fitness tracker and their consequential use in sports","volume":"49","author":"Budig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ger. J. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedesco, S., Sica, M., Ancillao, A., Timmons, S., Barton, J., and O\u2019Flynn, B. (2019). Accuracy of consumer-level and research-grade activity trackers in ambulatory settings in older adults. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216891"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3928\/19404921-20150429-03","article-title":"A Comparison of Accelerometer Accuracy in Older Adults","volume":"8","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Gerontol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011742","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011742","article-title":"Accuracy of a step counter during treadmill and daily life walking by healthy adults and patients with cardiac disease","volume":"7","author":"Thorup","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-019-0235-0","article-title":"Criterion validity for step counting in four consumer-grade physical activity monitors among older adults with and without rollators","volume":"17","author":"Larsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"759","article-title":"The usefulness of activity trackers in elderly with reduced mobility: A case study","volume":"192","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1993","article-title":"Capturing step counts at slow walking speeds in older adults: Comparison of ankle and waist placement of measuring device","volume":"47","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13084","DOI":"10.2196\/13084","article-title":"Validity Evaluation of the Fitbit Charge2 and the Garmin vivosmart HR+ in Free-Living Environments in an Older Adult Cohort","volume":"7","author":"Tedesco","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316634883","article-title":"Validation of Fitbit-Flex as a measure of free-living physical activity in a community-based phase III cardiac rehabilitation population","volume":"23","author":"Alharbi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Fitbit (2020, December 12). What Are Active Zone Minutes or Active Minutes on My Fitbit Device?. Available online: https:\/\/help.fitbit.com\/articles\/en_US\/Help_article\/1379.htm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saint-Maurice, P.F., Troiano, R.P., Matthews, C.E., and Kraus, W.E. (2018). Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality: Do Bouts Matter?. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 7.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007678"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0467","article-title":"Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults aged 18\u201364 years and Adults aged 65 years or older: An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep","volume":"45","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"143","article-title":"Croatian 24-Hour Guidelines for Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep: A Proposal Based on a Systematic Review of Literature","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicus"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2019). Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age, World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01153-2","article-title":"Use of Compositional Data Analysis to Show Estimated Changes in Cardiometabolic Health by Reallocating Time to Light-Intensity Physical Activity in Older Adults","volume":"50","author":"Powell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boeselt, T., Spielmanns, M., Nell, C., Storre, J.H., Windisch, W., Magerhans, L., Beutel, B., Kenn, K., Greulich, T., and Alter, P. (2016). Validity and Usability of Physical Activity Monitoring in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157229"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsaa291","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa291","article-title":"Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography","volume":"44","author":"Chinoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-115","article-title":"Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318206476e","article-title":"Comparison of accelerometer cut points for predicting activity intensity in youth","volume":"43","author":"Trost","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Kastelic, K. (2021, September 17). Raw Data: Validity of Fitness Trackers When Worn by Older Adults. Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/5158551#.YUQ997gzbIU."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/18\/6245\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T22:34:32Z","timestamp":1721342072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/18\/6245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s21186245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21186245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]}}}