{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T13:51:28Z","timestamp":1723297888802},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Data collected from a moving lidar sensor can produce an accurate digital representation of the physical environment that is scanned, provided the time-dependent positions and orientations of the lidar sensor can be determined. The most widely used approach to determining these positions and orientations is to collect data with a GNSS\/INS sensor. The use of dual-antenna GNSS\/INS sensors within commercial UAS-lidar systems is uncommon due to the higher cost and more complex installation of the GNSS antennas. This study investigates the impacts of using a single-antenna and dual-antenna GNSS\/INS MEMS-based sensor on the positional precision of a UAS-lidar generated point cloud, with an emphasis on the different heading determination techniques employed by each type of GNSS\/INS sensor. Specifically, the impacts that sensor velocity and acceleration (single-antenna), and a GNSS compass (dual-antenna) have on heading precision are investigated. Results indicate that at the slower flying speeds often used by UAS (\u22645 m\/s), a dual-antenna GNSS\/INS sensor can improve heading precision by up to a factor of five relative to a single-antenna GNSS\/INS sensor, and that a point of diminishing returns for the improvement of heading precision exists at a flying speed of approximately 15 m\/s for single-antenna GNSS\/INS sensors. Additionally, a simple estimator for the expected heading precision of a single-antenna GNSS\/INS sensor based on flying speed is presented. Utilizing UAS-lidar mapping systems with dual-antenna GNSS\/INS sensors provides reliable, robust, and higher precision heading estimates, resulting in point clouds with higher accuracy and precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T01:41:46Z","timestamp":1628559706000},"page":"5382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Investigating Practical Impacts of Using Single-Antenna and Dual-Antenna GNSS\/INS Sensors in UAS-Lidar Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-5975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan G.","family":"Brazeal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Program, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Geospatial Modeling and Applications Lab, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"given":"Benjamin E.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Program, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Geospatial Modeling and Applications Lab, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-8188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam R.","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Program, Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Joughin, W. 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