{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T04:19:03Z","timestamp":1744863543252,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Multispectral photoacoustic imaging is a powerful noninvasive medical imaging technique that provides access to functional information. In this study, a set of methods is proposed and validated, with experimental multispectral photoacoustic images used to estimate the concentration of chromophores. The unmixing techniques used in this paper consist of two steps: (1) automatic extraction of the reference spectrum of each pure chromophore; and (2) abundance calculation of each pure chromophore from the estimated reference spectra. The compared strategies bring positivity and sum-to-one constraints, from the hyperspectral remote sensing field to multispectral photoacoustic, to evaluate chromophore concentration. Particularly, the study extracts the endmembers and compares the algorithms from the hyperspectral remote sensing domain and a dedicated algorithm for segmentation of multispectral photoacoustic data to this end. First, these strategies are tested with dilution and mixing of chromophores on colored 4% agar phantom data. Then, some preliminary in vivo experiments are performed. These consist of estimations of the oxygen saturation rate (sO2) in mouse tumors. This article proposes then a proof-of-concept of the interest to bring hyperspectral remote sensing algorithms to multispectral photoacoustic imaging for the estimation of chromophore concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T02:46:14Z","timestamp":1620873974000},"page":"3366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Multispectral Photoacoustic Imaging for the Evaluation of Chromophore Concentration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1980-7317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneline","family":"Dolet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69621 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Ammanouil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait, Kuwait"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Petrilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UMR5286 INSERM U1052 Center de Recherche en Canc\u00e9rologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Centre L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard, F-69008 Lyon, France"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06300 Nice, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7984-3128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Tortoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Vray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69621 Lyon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0666-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Varray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69621 Lyon, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0028","article-title":"Biomedical photoacoustic imaging","volume":"1","author":"Beard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Veen, R.L.P., Sterenborg, H.J.C.M., Pifferi, A., Torricelli, A., and Cubeddu, R. (2004, January 14\u201317). 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