{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T05:07:41Z","timestamp":1725253661926},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["764461"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA19111"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Optical wireless communications in outdoor scenarios are challenged by uncontrollable atmospheric conditions that impair the channel quality. In this paper, different optical camera communications (OCC) equipment are experimentally studied in the laboratory and the field, and a sub-pixel architecture is raised as a potential solution for outdoor wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications, considering its achievable data throughput, the spatial division of sources, and the ability of cameras to overcome the attenuation caused by different atmospheric conditions such as rain, turbulence and the presence of aerosols. Sub-pixel OCC shows particularly adequate capabilities for some of the WSN applications presented, also in terms of cost-effectiveness and scalability. The novel topology of sub-pixel projection of multiple transmitters over the receiver using small optical devices is presented as a solution using OCC that re-uses camera equipment for communication purposes on top of video-monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T16:34:50Z","timestamp":1618331690000},"page":"2739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Wireless Sensor Networks Using Sub-Pixel Optical Camera Communications: Advances in Experimental Channel Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Matus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7371-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristo","family":"Jurado-Verdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7902-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Zvanovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka, 16627 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8849-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Perez-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cahyadi, W.A., Chung, Y.H., Ghassemlooy, Z., and Hassan, N.B. 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