{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T05:22:51Z","timestamp":1736313771153,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canary Island Regional Government","award":["Project ATICCuA ProID:2017010053"]},{"name":"H2020 - MSCA","award":["VISION: 764461"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Optical Camera Communication (OCC) systems have a potential application in microalgae production plants. In this work, a proof-of-concept prototype consisting of an artificial lighting photobioreactor is proposed. This reactor optimises the culture\u2019s photosynthetic efficiency while transmitting on-off keying signals to a rolling-shutter camera. Upon reception, both signal decoding and biomass concentration sensing are performed simultaneously using image processing techniques. Moreover, the communication channel\u2019s theoretical modelling, the data rate system\u2019s performance, and the plant distribution requirements and restrictions for a production-scale facility are detailed. A case study is conducted to classify three different node arrangements in a real facility, considering node visibility, channel capacity, and space exploitation. Finally, several experiments comprising radiance evaluation and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) computation are performed at different angles of view in both indoor and outdoor environments. It is observed that the Lambertian-like emission patterns are affected by increasing concentrations, reducing the effective emission angles. Furthermore, significant differences in the SNR, up to 20 dB, perceived along the illuminated surface (centre versus border), gradually reduce as light is affected by greater dispersion. The experimental analysis in terms of scattering and selective wavelength attenuation for green (Arthrospira platensis) and brown (Rhodosorus marinus) microalgae species determines that the selected strain must be considered in the development of this system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T09:36:24Z","timestamp":1614332184000},"page":"1621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optical Camera Communication as an Enabling Technology for Microalgae Cultivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7371-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristo","family":"Jurado-Verdu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Matus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9283-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Bank of algae (BEA), Instituto de Oceanograf\u00eda y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Fundaci\u00f3n Canaria Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35230 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9994-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Rabadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-012-9307-6","article-title":"Photobioreactors for the production of microalgae","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. 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