{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T05:07:43Z","timestamp":1722661663122},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11774379,61501448"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"The localization of outdoor acoustic sources has attracted attention in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, the steered response power (SRP) localization of band-pass signal associated with steering time delay uncertainty and coarser spatial grids is considered. We propose a modified SRP-based source localization method for enhancing the localization robustness in outdoor scenarios. In particular, we derive a sufficient condition dependent on the generalized cross-correlation (GCC) waveform function for robust on-grid source localization and show that the SRP function with GCCs satisfying this condition can suppress the disturbances induced by the grid distance and the uncertain steering time delays. Then a GCC refinement procedure for band-pass GCCs is designed, which uses complex wavelet functions in multiple sub-bands to filter the GCCs and averages the envelopes of the filtered GCCs as the equivalent GCC to match the sufficient condition. Simulation results and field experiments demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed method against the existing SRP-based methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T09:36:24Z","timestamp":1614332184000},"page":"1591","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Robust Steered Response Power Localization Method for Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks in an Outdoor Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jianfei","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5007-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8486-2377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ajdler, T., Kozintsev, I., Lienhart, R., and Vetterli, M. (2004, January 7\u201310). Acoustic Source Localization in Distributed Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2004, Pacific Grove, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Hu, Y.H., and Pan, Q. (December, January 30). Robust Maximum Likelihood Acoustic Source Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2009-2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2009.5426166"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-010-9187-3","article-title":"Acoustic Source Localization in Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"29","author":"Saric","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9925","DOI":"10.3390\/s91209925","article-title":"Locating acoustic events based on large-scale sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobos, M., Antonacci, F., Alexandridis, A., Mouchtaris, A., and Lee, B. (2017). A survey of sound source localization methods in wireless acoustic sensor networks. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3956282"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sheng, X., and Hu, Y.H. (2004, January 17\u201321). Sequential acoustic energy based source localization using particle filter in a distributed sensor network. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2004.838930","article-title":"Maximum likelihood multiple-source localization using acoustic energy measurements with wireless sensor networks","volume":"53","author":"Sheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Signal Process. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, W., and Xiao, W. (2017). Energy-based acoustic source localization methods: A survey. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020376"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S., Li, Y., He, Y., and Wu, Y. (2019). RSS-based target localization in underwater acoustic sensor networks via convex relaxation. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102323"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Berman, Z. (1997, January 12). A reliable maximum likelihood algorithm for bearing-only target motion analysis. Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2005.03.007","article-title":"Bearings-only target localization using total least squares","volume":"85","year":"2005","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9473(97)00053-4","article-title":"Statistical Methods in Surveying by Trilateration","volume":"27","author":"Navidi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1109\/78.301830","article-title":"A Simple and Efficient Estimator for Hyperbolic Location","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Signal Process. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2007.910324","article-title":"A Linear Closed-Form Algorithm for Source Localization From Time-Differences of Arrival","volume":"15","author":"Gillette","year":"2008","journal-title":"Signal Process. Lett. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordoy, J., Schott, D.J., Xie, J., Bannoura, A., Klein, P., Striet, L., Hoeflinger, F., Haering, I., Reindl, L., and Schindelhauer, C. (2020). Acoustic Indoor Localization Augmentation by Self-Calibration and Machine Learning. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041177"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiBiase, J.H., Silverman, H.F., and Brandstein, M.S. (2001). Robust localization in reverberant rooms. Microphone Arrays, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04619-7_8"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, H., Silverman, H., and Yu, Y. (2007, January 15\u201320). A Real-Time SRP-PHAT Source Location Implementation using Stochastic Region Contraction(SRC) on a Large-Aperture Microphone Array. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing\u2014ICASSP \u201907, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2007.366631"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2010.2091502","article-title":"A Modified SRP-PHAT Functional for Robust Real-Time Sound Source Localization With Scalable Spatial Sampling","volume":"18","author":"Cobos","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4820885","article-title":"A steered response power iterative method for high-accuracy acoustic source localization","volume":"134","author":"Marti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Robust Source Localization and Enhancement With a Probabilistic Steered Response Power Model","volume":"24","author":"Traa","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2017.2690306","article-title":"Steered Response Power Localization of Acoustic Pass-Band Signals","volume":"24","author":"Cobos","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"and Dhull, S. (2020). Iterative Volumetric Reduction (IVR) Steered Response Power Method for Acoustic Source Localization. Int. J. Sens. Wirel. Commun. Control, 10."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1976.1162830","article-title":"The Generalized Correlation Method for Estimation of Time Delay","volume":"24","author":"Knapp","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acoust. Speech Signal Process. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brutti, A., Omologo, M., and Svaizer, P. (2006, January 17\u201321). Speaker localization based on oriented global coherence field. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2006-653"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brutti, A., Omologo, M., and Svaizer, P. (April, January 30). Localization of multiple speakers based on a two step acoustic map analysis. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2008.4518618"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4974289","article-title":"Exploiting a geometrically sampled grid in the steered response power algorithm for localization improvement","volume":"141","author":"Salvati","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1109\/TSA.2004.832990","article-title":"Accelerated speech source localization via a hierarchical search of steered response power","volume":"12","author":"Zotkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanal, S., and Silverman, H.F. (2015, January 18\u201321). Multi-stage rejection sampling (MSRS): A robust SRP-PHAT peak detection algorithm for localization of cocktail-party talkers. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA), New Paltz, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WASPAA.2015.7336887"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5171","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2014.2336636","article-title":"A steered-response power algorithm employing hierarchical search for acoustic source localization using microphone arrays","volume":"62","author":"Nunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2020.2983589","article-title":"Frequency-Sliding Generalized Cross-Correlation: A Sub-Band Time Delay Estimation Approach","volume":"28","author":"Cobos","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Z., Liu, W., and Ru, X. (2019). Multi-Target Localization and Tracking Using TDOA and AOA Measurements Based on Gibbs-GLMB Filtering. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245437"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kaplan, L., Le, Q., and Moln\u00e1r, N. (2001, January 7\u201311). Maximum likelihood methods for bearings-only target localization. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Salt Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2014.08.013","article-title":"Localizing multiple audio sources in a wireless acoustic sensor network","volume":"107","author":"Griffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1591\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T18:19:18Z","timestamp":1720462758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s21051591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21051591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]}}}