{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:50:46Z","timestamp":1740149446046,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European H2020 5GinFIRE project","award":["732497","H2020-MG-2019-TwoStages-861696","PID2019-108713RB-C52PID2019-108713RB-C52 \/ AEI \/ 10.13039\/501100011033","POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024539"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"5G communications have become an enabler for the creation of new and more complex networking scenarios, bringing together different vertical ecosystems. Such behavior has been fostered by the network function virtualization (NFV) concept, where the orchestration and virtualization capabilities allow the possibility of dynamically supplying network resources according to its needs. Nevertheless, the integration and performance of heterogeneous network environments, each one supported by a different provider, and with specific characteristics and requirements, in a single NFV framework is not straightforward. In this work we propose an NFV-based framework capable of supporting the flexible, cost-effective deployment of vertical services, through the integration of two distinguished mobile environments and their networks: small sized unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs), supporting a flying ad hoc network (FANET) and vehicles, promoting a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). In this context, a use case involving the public safety vertical will be used as an illustrative example to showcase the potential of this framework. This work also includes the technical implementation details of the framework proposed, allowing to analyse and discuss the delays on the network services deployment process. The results show that the deployment times can be significantly reduced through a distributed VNF configuration function based on the publish\u2013subscribe model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T10:54:49Z","timestamp":1613300089000},"page":"1342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Using Aerial and Vehicular NFV Infrastructures to Agilely Create Vertical Services"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja","family":"Nogales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telematic Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad, 30, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7381-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telematic Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad, 30, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3488-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5056-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Valera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telematic Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad, 30, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Sargento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5298-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Azcorra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telematic Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad, 30, 28911 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Avda. del Mar Mediterr\u00e1neo 22, 28918 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (2021, February 08). View on 5G Architecture (Version 2.0). 5G PPP Architecture Working Group, Whitepaper. Available online: https:\/\/5g-ppp.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/5G-PPP-5G-Architecture-White-Paper-Jan-2018-v2.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"5G Infrastructure Association (2021, February 08). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership: The Next Generation of Communication Networks and Services. 5G PPP, 5G Infrastructure Association, Whitepaper. Available online: https:\/\/5g-ppp.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Elayoubi, S.E., Bedo, J., Filippou, M., Gavras, A., Giustiniano, D., Iovanna, P., Manzalini, A., Queseth, O., Rokkas, T., and Surridge, M. (2021, February 08). 5G Innovations for New Business Opportunities. 5G PPP, 5G Infrastructure Association, Whitepaper. Available online: https:\/\/hal.inria.fr\/hal-01488208\/document."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateya, A.A., Muthanna, A., Makolkina, M., and Koucheryavy, A. (2018, January 5\u20139). Study of 5G services standardization: Specifications and requirements. Proceedings of the 2018 10th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUMT.2018.8631201"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900258","article-title":"A 5G mobile network architecture to support vertical industries","volume":"57","author":"Banchs","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700990","article-title":"5G-TRANSFORMER: Slicing and orchestrating transport networks for industry verticals","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nogales, B., Sanchez-Aguero, V., Vidal, I., and Valera, F. (2018). Adaptable and Automated Small UAV Deployments via Virtualization. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124116"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e60425","article-title":"Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization","volume":"153","author":"Nogales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jove (J. Vis. Exp.)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, L.F., Vidal, I., Valera, F., Nogales, B., Sanchez-Aguero, V., and Lopez, D.R. (2019). Transport-Layer Limitations for NFV Orchestration in Resource-Constrained Aerial Networks. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235220"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154659","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2949119","article-title":"VENUE: Virtualized Environment for multi-UAV network emulation","volume":"7","author":"Valera","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M., Lu\u00eds, M., and Sargento, S. (2020, January 7\u201310). Edge Virtualization in Multihomed Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Management of Cloud and Smart City System, IEEE International Symposium on Computer and Communications (ISCC), Rennes, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC50000.2020.9219655"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouftah, H., Erol-Kantarci, M., and Sorour, S. (2020). Exploring Cloud Virtualization over Vehicular Networks with Mobility Support. Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in Smart Cities, CRC Press. [1st ed.]. Chapter 8.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429329401"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2019.101895","article-title":"5GinFIRE: An end-to-end open5G vertical network function ecosystem","volume":"93","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"5TONIC (2020, December 31). The leading European laboratory in 5G. Available online: https:\/\/www.5tonic.org."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2020, December 15). IT-Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es. Available online: https:\/\/www.it.pt."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.02.036","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on vehicular Ad Hoc network","volume":"37","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2371999","article-title":"Software-defined networking: A comprehensive survey","volume":"103","author":"Kreutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6658648","article-title":"Network virtualization and software defined networking for cloud computing: A survey","volume":"51","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2760418","article-title":"NFV and SDN\u2014Key Technology Enablers for 5G Networks","volume":"35","author":"Yousaf","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48923","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908823","article-title":"A Unified Framework for Software Defined Sensing, Transmission and Computing","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, J., and Hutchison, D. (2020). Modeling cooperative behavior for resilience in cyber-physical systems using SDN and NFV. Appl. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03335-4"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, R., Son, J., Eun, H., Kim, S., and Oh, H. (2012, January 3\u20136). Rethinking Vehicular Communications: Merging VANET with cloud computing. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science Proceedings, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudCom.2012.6427481"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zingirian, N., and Valenti, C. (2012, January 3\u20137). Sensor clouds for Intelligent Truck Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232192"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2016.7474346","article-title":"Providing flexible services for heterogeneous vehicles: An NFV-based approach","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2952892","article-title":"Accessing from the sky: A tutorial on UAV communications for 5G and beyond","volume":"107","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.A., Qureshi, I.M., and Khanzada, F. (2019). A hybrid communication scheme for efficient and low-cost deployment of future flying ad-hoc network (FANET). Drones, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones3010016"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000416","article-title":"Design of a 5G network slice extension with MEC UAVs managed with reinforcement learning","volume":"38","author":"Faraci","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). ETSI GS NFV 002 V1.2.1. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV); Architectural Framework, European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_gs\/NFV\/001_099\/002\/01.02.01_60\/gs_NFV002v010201p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (2021, February 08). 5G Automotive Vision. 5G PPP, Whitepaper. Available online: https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/5g-infrastructure-public-private-partnership."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M., Lu\u00eds, M., and Sargento, S. (2020, January 7\u201310). Edge Virtualization in Multihomed Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Rennes, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC50000.2020.9219655"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111522","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3001985","article-title":"A Multi-Site NFV Testbed for Experimentation With SUAV-Based 5G Vertical Services","volume":"8","author":"Vidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"ETSI (2020, December 15). Open Source MANO (OSM). Available online: https:\/\/osm.etsi.org."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ameixa, R., Barrett, C., Bonell, M., Britten, T., Cacciatore, K., Huang, J., Kloeker, F., Kumar, A., Lamourine, M., and Pr\u00fc\u00dfmann, G. (2017). Designing, Migrating and Deploying Applications: A Guide to Cloud Applications on OpenStack, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Standard 3GPP TS 23.501, version 16.2.0. System Architecture for the 5G System; Stage 2. 3rd Generation Partnership Project Technical Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/123500_123599\/123501\/15.03.00_60\/ts_123501v150300p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Standard 3GPP TS 23.502, Version 16.2.0. Procedures for the 5G System; Stage 2. 3rd Generation Partnership Project Technical Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/123500_123599\/123502\/15.02.00_60\/ts_123502v150200p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (2021, February 08). Creating a Smart Ubiquitous Network for the Future Internet. 5G PPP, Advanced 5G Network Infrastructure for the Future Internet, Whitepaper. Available online: https:\/\/5g-ppp.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/Advanced-5G-Network-Infrastructure-PPP-in-H2020_Final_November-2013.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ayuntamiento de Madrid (2020, December 15). SAMUR\u2014Protecci\u00f3n Civil, Atenci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Urgencias. Available online: https:\/\/t.ly\/2ZRT."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"ETSI (2020, December 15). Open Source MANO: Example of VNF Charms, OSM Wiki. Available online: https:\/\/osm.etsi.org\/wikipub\/index.php\/Example_VNF_Charms."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, V.N., Nguyen, V., Nguyen, T.D., and Huh, E.N. (2020). Efficient Edge-Cloud Publish\/Subscribe Broker Overlay Networks to Support Latency-Sensitive Wide-Scale IoT Applications. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12010003"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41309","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2907599","article-title":"An IoT-oriented privacy-preserving publish\/subscribe model over blockchains","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25989","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2899076","article-title":"A comprehensive security framework for publish\/subscribe-based IoT services communication","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wirawan, I.M., Wahyono, I.D., Idfi, G., and Kusumo, G.R. (2018, January 21\u201322). Iot communication system using publish-subscribe. Proceedings of the 2018 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication, Semarang, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Kreps, J., Narkhede, N., and Rao, J. (2011, January 12\u201316). Kafka: A distributed messaging system for log processing. Proceedings of the NetDB, Athens, Greece."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Red Hat Ansible (2020, December 15). Ansible in Depth. Red Hat, Whitepaper. Available online: https:\/\/www.ansible.com\/hubfs\/pdfs\/Ansible-InDepth-WhitePaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirumala, A., Cottrell, L., and Dunigan, T. (2003, January 9\u201311). Measuring end-to-end bandwidth with Iperf using Web100. Proceedings of the Passive and Active Measurement Workshop, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2172\/813039"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/35.841837","article-title":"The PingER project: Active Internet performance monitoring for the HENP community","volume":"38","author":"Matthews","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2020, December 15). ITU-T Recommendation G.114. Series G: Transmission Systems and Media, Digital Systems and Networks, International Telecommunication Union. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-G\/en."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2020, December 15). Standard 3GPP TS 22.125 Version 17.2.0. Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects: Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) support in 3GPP. 3rd Generation Partnership Project Technical Specification. Available online: https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/desktopmodules\/Specifications\/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3545."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1342\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T06:11:05Z","timestamp":1720419065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21041342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21041342","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]}}}