{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T16:46:00Z","timestamp":1746117960177,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011688","name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["737434"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU18\/01376"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007406","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n BBVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019 Leonardo"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007406","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006393","name":"Universidad de Granada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Projects for Junior Researchers"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Although the number of Internet of Things devices increases every year, efforts to decrease hardware energy demands and to improve efficiencies of the energy-harvesting stages have reached an ultra-low power level. However, no current standard of wireless communication protocol (WCP) can fully address those scenarios. Our focus in this paper is to introduce treNch, a novel WCP implementing the cross-layer principle to use the power input for adapting its operation in a dynamic manner that goes from pure best-effort to nearly real time. Together with the energy-management algorithm, it operates with asynchronous transmissions, synchronous and optional receptions, short frame sizes and a light architecture that gives control to the nodes. These features make treNch an optimal option for wireless sensor networks with ultra-low power demands and severe energy fluctuations. We demonstrate through a comparison with different modes of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) a decrease of the power consumption in 1 to 2 orders of magnitude for different scenarios at equal quality of service. Moreover, we propose some security optimizations, such as shorter over-the-air counters, to reduce the packet overhead without decreasing the security level. Finally, we discuss other features aside of the energy needs, such as latency, reliability or topology, brought again against BLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T01:21:00Z","timestamp":1604020860000},"page":"6156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["treNch: Ultra-Low Power Wireless Communication Protocol for IoT and Energy Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Moreno-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infineon Technologies AG, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18004 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6720-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Toral-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18004 Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Escobar-Molero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infineon Technologies AG, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor U.","family":"Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eesy-Innovation GmbH, 82008 Unterhaching, Germany"}]},{"given":"Almudena","family":"Rivadeneyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18004 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3294-8934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego P.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18004 Granada, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayakumar, H., Lee, K., Lee, W.S., Raha, A., Kim, Y., and Raghunathan, V. 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