{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T07:17:53Z","timestamp":1722410273554},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 61671323"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Projects of Science and Technology in Tianjin","award":["No. 18ZXJMTG00020"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"In this paper, an approach to measure both the refractive index (RI) and the pressure simultaneously using two Whispering-Gallery Modes (WGMs) in a microdisk resonator is theoretically proposed. Due to the difference in the energy distribution of the first and second order WGMs, the sensitivity of two modes toward the variation of RI and pressure applied to the device show differences. An RI sensitivity of 29.07 nm\/RIU and pressure sensitivity of 0.576 pm\/kPa for WGM (1,36), and an RI sensitivity of 38.68 nm\/RIU and a pressure sensitivity of 0.589 pm\/kPa for WGM (2,28) are obtained through the 3D finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) simulation. Dual parametric sensing can be achieved by solving the second-order inverse sensitivity matrix. Therefore, strain\u2013optical coupling behavior is effectively eliminated. The dual sensing scheme we proposed provides a novel approach to overcome the difficulty of multi-sensing applications based on the flexible photonic device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T14:54:46Z","timestamp":1594911286000},"page":"3955","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["FDTD Simulation: Simultaneous Measurement of the Refractive Index and the Pressure Using Microdisk Resonator with Two Whispering-Gallery Modes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Dongyue","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiruo","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1221","article-title":"Whispering-gallery-mode biosensing: Label-free detection down to single molecules","volume":"5","author":"Vollmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053808","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.70.053808","article-title":"Single-atom detection using whispering-gallery modes of microdisk resonators","volume":"70","author":"Rosenblit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00641A","article-title":"Applications and developments of on-chip biochemical sensors based on optofluidic photonic crystal cavities","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.3390\/s100301765","article-title":"Whispering Gallery Modes in Standard Optical Fibres for Fibre Profiling Measurements and Sensing of Unlabelled Chemical Species","volume":"10","author":"Boleininger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.10.095","article-title":"Hydrogen sensing performance of silica microfiber elaborated with Pd nanoparticles","volume":"212","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.1002\/adma201302572","article-title":"Detection of Single Nanoparticles and Lentiviruses Using Microcavity Resonance Broadening","volume":"25","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16001","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2016.1","article-title":"Label-free detection of single nanoparticles and biological molecules using microtoroid optical resonators","volume":"5","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7994","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.007994","article-title":"Silicon photonic micro-disk resonators for label-free biosensing","volume":"21","author":"Grist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.7.000168","article-title":"Whispering gallery mode sensors","volume":"7","author":"Foreman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1021\/nl401633y","article-title":"Label-Free Detection of Single Protein Using a Nanoplasmonic-Photonic Hybrid Microcavity","volume":"13","author":"Dantham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023803","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.83.023803","article-title":"Multiple-Rayleigh-scatterer-induced mode splitting in a high-Q whispering-gallery-mode microresonator","volume":"83","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063808","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.85.063808","article-title":"Statistical theory of nanoparticle sensing using a whispering-gallery-mode resonator","volume":"85","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.85.013801","article-title":"Nanoparticle sensing using whispering-gallery-mode resonators: Plasmonic and Rayleigh scatterers","volume":"85","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073030","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/15\/7\/073030","article-title":"Statistics of multiple-scatterer-induced frequency splitting in whispering gallery microresonators and microlasers","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.29.002897","article-title":"Numerical investigation of Rayleigh nanoparticlesensing using a whispering-gallery-mode resonator","volume":"29","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"JOSA B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.006230","article-title":"Whispering gallery mode carousel - a photonic mechanism for enhanced nanoparticle detection in biosensing","volume":"17","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.002807","article-title":"Conformational analysis of proteins with a dual polarisation silicon microring","volume":"22","author":"Hoste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghali, H., Chibli, H., Nadeau, J., Bianucci, P., and Peter, Y.A. (2016). Real-Time Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus Using Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Microdisks. Biosensors, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios6020020"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.004694","article-title":"Ultra-high Q planar silicon microdisk resonators for chip-scale silicon photonics","volume":"15","author":"Soltani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2011.2177518","article-title":"Vertically coupled polymer microracetrack resonators for label-free biochemical sensors","volume":"24","author":"Delezoide","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4804243","article-title":"Detection of nanoparticles with a frequency locked whispering gallery mode microresonator","volume":"102","author":"Swaim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1021\/nl1036148","article-title":"Lab-in-a-Tube: Detection of Individual Mouse Cells for Analysis in Flexible Split-Wall Microtube Resonator Sensors","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Foldable and cytocompatible sol-gel TiO2 photonics","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.001020","article-title":"Stamp printing of silicon-nanomembrane-based photonic devices onto flexible substrates with a suspended configuration","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201400068","article-title":"Solution Processing and Resist-Free Nanoimprint Fabrication of Thin Film Chalcogenide Glass Devices: Inorganic\u2013Organic Hybrid Photonic Integration","volume":"2","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00622","article-title":"Flexible and tunable silicon photonic circuits on plastic substrates","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.000861","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of high Q polymer micro-ring resonator and its application as a sensitive ultrasonic detector","volume":"19","author":"Ling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1021\/ph500159g","article-title":"Ultrabroad bandwidth and highly sensitive optical ultrasonic detector for photoacoustic imaging","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.01.006","article-title":"Flexible multilayer substrate based optical waveguides: Applications to optical sensing","volume":"209","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.006644","article-title":"High sensitivity optical waveguide accelerometer based on Fano resonance","volume":"55","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.000479","article-title":"Characterization of a photonic strain sensor in silicon-on-insulator technology","volume":"37","author":"Westerveld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20564","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.020564","article-title":"Direct fabrication of silicon photonic devices on a flexible platform and its application for strain sensing","volume":"20","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201400107","article-title":"Titanium dioxide whispering gallery microcavities","volume":"2","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20825","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.020825","article-title":"High-Q silk fibroin whispering gallery microresonator","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.138","article-title":"Integrated flexible chalcogenide glass photonic devices","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.003537","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature using a dual polarization ring","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and temperature based on microdisk resonator with two whispering-gallery modes","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.10.054","article-title":"Numerical analysis of simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and the pressure utilizing the mode splitting in a single-opening microring resonator","volume":"434","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2005.843518","article-title":"Birefringence control using stress engineering in silicon-on-insulator waveguides","volume":"23","author":"Ye","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8606","DOI":"10.1021\/jp049724d","article-title":"Fabrication and replication of polymer integrated optical devices using electron-beam lithography and soft lithography","volume":"108","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2005.863333","article-title":"Design and optimization of microring resonators in biochemical sensing applications","volume":"24","author":"Chao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2012-0021","article-title":"Review Label-free detection with high-Q microcavities: A review of biosensing mechanisms for integrated devices","volume":"1","author":"Vollmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.103.030072","article-title":"The density and refractive index of adsorbing protein layers","volume":"87","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-017-0418-0","article-title":"A study on refractive index sensors based on optical micro-ring resonators","volume":"7","author":"Tsigaridas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/14\/3955\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T02:50:35Z","timestamp":1719802235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/14\/3955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s20143955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20143955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]}}}