{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:50:02Z","timestamp":1740149402882,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"The lost-in-space star identification algorithm is able to identify stars without a priori attitude information and is arguably the most critical component of a star sensor system. In this paper, the 2009 survey by Spratling and Mortari is extended and recent lost-in-space star identification algorithms are surveyed. The covered literature is a qualitative representation of the current research in the field. A taxonomy of these algorithms based on their feature extraction method is defined. Furthermore, we show that in current literature the comparison of these algorithms can produce inconsistent conclusions. In order to mitigate these inconsistencies, this paper lists the considerations related to the relative performance evaluation of these algorithms using simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T18:00:43Z","timestamp":1588615243000},"page":"2579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["A Survey of Lost-in-Space Star Identification Algorithms Since 2009"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rijlaarsdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Corporation, Intel R&D Ireland Ltd., Collinstown, Collinstown Industrial Park, Co. Kildare, W23CW68 Collinstown, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Yous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Corporation, Intel R&D Ireland Ltd., Collinstown, Collinstown Industrial Park, Co. Kildare, W23CW68 Collinstown, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Corporation, Intel R&D Ireland Ltd., Collinstown, Collinstown Industrial Park, Co. Kildare, W23CW68 Collinstown, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Oddenino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency\/ESTEC, 1 Keplerlaan 2201AZ, 3067 Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7624-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Furano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency\/ESTEC, 1 Keplerlaan 2201AZ, 3067 Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Moloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Corporation, Intel R&D Ireland Ltd., Collinstown, Collinstown Industrial Park, Co. Kildare, W23CW68 Collinstown, Ireland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/a2010093","article-title":"A survey on star identification algorithms","volume":"2","author":"Spratling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G. (2017). Star Identification, National Defense Industry Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53783-1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.2514\/1.61082","article-title":"Highly efficient attitude-estimation algorithm for star trackers using optimal image matching","volume":"36","author":"Delabie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2002.1008988","article-title":"Accuracy performance of star trackers-a tutorial","volume":"38","author":"Liebe","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2011.09.013","article-title":"Development of a low cost star tracker for the SHEFEX mission","volume":"23","author":"Samaan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2011.10.017","article-title":"A survey of algorithms for star identification with low-cost star trackers","volume":"73","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2514\/2.4061","article-title":"Evaluation of star identification techniques","volume":"20","author":"Padgett","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control Dyn."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Gottlieb, D. (1978). Mathematical Models of Attitude Hardware. Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control, Springer."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/62.180383","article-title":"Pattern recognition of star constellations for spacecraft applications","volume":"8","author":"Liebe","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014406","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.52.1.014406","article-title":"Color star tracking II: matching","volume":"52","author":"Enright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2514\/3.20632","article-title":"Star pattern identification aboard an inertially stabilized aircraft","volume":"14","author":"Kosik","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control Dyn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-4296.2004.tb00349.x","article-title":"The pyramid star identification technique","volume":"51","author":"Mortari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1109\/7.570743","article-title":"A grid algorithm for autonomous star identification","volume":"33","author":"Padgett","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"115","article-title":"An Efficient and Robust Singular Value Method for Star Pattern Recognition and Attitude Determination","volume":"18","author":"Juang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Astronaut. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2514\/1.30393","article-title":"Star identification algorithm based on log-polar transform","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Comput. Inf. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2496662","article-title":"A discrete HMM-based feature sequence model approach for star identification","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"15","article-title":"Star pattern recognition for attitude determination using genetic algorithms","volume":"76","author":"Paladugu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2553245","article-title":"Star identification algorithm based on K\u2013L transformation and star walk formation","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.04.026","article-title":"A robust and fast star identification algorithm based on an ordered set of points pattern","volume":"148","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.06.007","article-title":"New star identification algorithm using labelling technique","volume":"162","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2016.150642","article-title":"Star identification based on euclidean distance transform, voronoi tessellation, and k-nearest neighbor classification","volume":"52","author":"Roshanian","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ESA Requirements and Standards Division (2019). ECSS-E-ST-60-20C Rev. 2 - Stars Sensors Terminology and Performance Specification, European Space Agency, European Cooperation for Space."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03546284","article-title":"Quaternion attitude estimation using vector observations","volume":"48","author":"Markley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Astronaut. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92193","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927684","article-title":"RPNet: A Representation Learning-Based Star Identification Algorithm","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"501","article-title":"The Hipparcos Catalogue","volume":"500","author":"Perryman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"51","article-title":"The Bright Star Catalog","volume":"18","author":"Hoffleit","year":"1991","journal-title":"Astron. Data Cent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03321168","article-title":"The k-vector nd and its application to building a non-dimensional star identification catalog","volume":"58","author":"Spratling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Astronaut. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gerhard, J. (2016). A Geometric Hashing Technique for Star Pattern Recognition. [Master\u2019s Thesis, West Virginia University]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s40295-013-0023-4","article-title":"Further studies on singular value method for star pattern recognition and attitude determination","volume":"59","author":"Juang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Astronaut. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2322\/tjsass.62.265","article-title":"Star Identification Algorithm Based on Oriented Singular Value Feature and Reliability Evaluation Method","volume":"62","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5089538","article-title":"Modified grid algorithm for noisy all-sky autonomous star identification","volume":"45","author":"Na","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2016.150053","article-title":"Grid star identification improvement using optimization approaches","volume":"52","author":"Aghaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.3390\/s100301955","article-title":"A star recognition method based on the adaptive ant colony algorithm for star sensors","volume":"10","author":"Quan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1150","article-title":"Star map identification based on a modified triangle algorithm","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2004.1275309","article-title":"An all-sky autonomous star map identification algorithm","volume":"19","author":"Ziliang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2514\/1.49675","article-title":"New star-pattern identification using a correlation approach for spacecraft attitude determination","volume":"48","author":"Yoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2006.314572","article-title":"Star identification algorithms: Novel approach & comparison study","volume":"42","author":"Silani","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2007.10.006","article-title":"Full-sky autonomous star identification based on radial and cyclic features of star pattern","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.130729","article-title":"Iterative algorithm for autonomous star identification","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"185","article-title":"A new star-constellation matching algorithm for satellite attitude determination","volume":"17","author":"Baldini","year":"1993","journal-title":"ESAJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2008.4560198","article-title":"Geometric voting algorithm for star trackers","volume":"44","author":"Kolomenkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.01.034","article-title":"A novel star identification technique robust to high presence of false objects: The Multi-Poles Algorithm","volume":"59","author":"Schiattarella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"449","article-title":"K-vector range searching techniques","volume":"105","author":"Mortari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Astronaut. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"333","article-title":"An autonomous star identification algorithm based on the directed circularity pattern","volume":"39","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.12.027","article-title":"A star identification algorithm based on radial and dynamic cyclic features of star pattern","volume":"63","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/9\/2579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T13:35:22Z","timestamp":1719495322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/9\/2579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s20092579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20092579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}}}