{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T05:57:22Z","timestamp":1718776642954},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]],"date-time":"2019-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871054"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research & Development Program","award":["2016YFB0502003"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"Indoor wireless local area network (WLAN) based positioning technologies have boomed recently because of the huge demands of indoor location-based services (ILBS) and the wide deployment of commercial Wi-Fi devices. Channel state information (CSI) extracted from Wi-Fi signals could be calibrated and utilized as a fine-grained positioning feature for indoor fingerprinting localization. One of the main factors that would restrict the positioning accuracy of fingerprinting systems is the spatial resolution of fingerprints (SRF). This paper mainly focuses on the improvement of SRF for indoor CSI-based positioning and a calibrated CSI feature (CCF) with high SRF is established based on the preprocess of both measured amplitude and phase. In addition, a similarity calculation metric for the proposed CCF is designed based on modified dynamic time warping (MDTW). An indoor fingerprinting method based on CCF and MDTW, named CC-DTW, is then proposed to improve the positioning accuracy in indoors. Experiments are conducted in two indoor office testbeds, and the performances of the proposed CC-DTW, one time-reversal (TR) based approach and one Euclidean distance (ED) based approach are evaluated and discussed. The results show that the SRF of CC-DTW outperforms the TR-based one and the ED-based one in both two testbeds in terms of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve metric, and the area under curve (AUC) metric.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19091984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T06:57:32Z","timestamp":1556521052000},"page":"1984","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["CC-DTW: An Accurate Indoor Fingerprinting Localization Using Calibrated Channel State Information and Modified Dynamic Time Warping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-0063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Lingjie","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Z., Li, Z., Zhou, M., Jin, Y., and Wu, Z. (2016). PILA: Sub-meter localization using CSI from commodity Wi-Fi devices. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101664"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.06.015","article-title":"Survey of WiFi positioning using time-based techniques","volume":"88","author":"Makki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2015, May 12). \u201cIndoor Location in Retail: Where Is the Money?\u201d ABI Research: Location Technologies Market Research. Available online: http:\/\/www.abiresearch.com\/market-research\/service\/location-technologies\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raharijaona, T., Mawonou, R., Nguyen, T., Colonnier, F., Boyron, M., Diperi, J., and Viollet, S. (2017). Local positioning system using flickering infrared leds. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112518"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Chen, X., and Gao, Z. (2017, January 2\u20134). Indoor ultrasonic positioning system of mobile robot based on TDOA ranging and improved trilateral algorithm. Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC), Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gururaj, K., Rajendra, A.K., Song, Y., Law, C.L., and Cai, G. (2017, January 18\u201321). Real-time identification of NLOS range measurements for enhanced UWB localization. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2017.8115877"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463314000551","article-title":"Precise indoor positioning and attitude determination using terrestrial ranging signals","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, C., Shen, G., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., and Tan, K. (2007, January 6\u20139). Beepbeep: A high accuracy acoustic ranging system using cots mobile devices. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/1322263.1322265"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Fu, X., and Deng, Z. (2016). Coordinate-based clustering method for indoor fingerprinting localization in dense cluttered environments. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122055"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.5370\/JEET.2017.12.3.1286","article-title":"An Indoor Positioning Method using IEEE 802.11 Channel State Information","volume":"12","author":"Escudero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Z., Fu, X., and Wang, H. (2018). An IMU-Aided Body-Shadowing Error Compensation Method for Indoor Bluetooth Positioning. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010304"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1145\/2721914.2721923","article-title":"Microsoft indoor localization competition: Experiences and lessons learned","volume":"18","author":"Lymberopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"GetMobile Mob. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bahl, P., and Padmanabhan, V.N. (2000, January 26\u201330). RADAR: An in-building RF-based user location and tracking system. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2000), Tel-Aviv, Israel."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, M., and Agrawala, A. (2005, January 6\u20138). The Horus WLAN location determination system. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, Seattle, WA, UAS.","DOI":"10.1145\/1067170.1067193"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Zhang, Y., Ge, Z., and Lu, C. (2016, January 6\u20138). Refining Wi-Fi based indoor localization with Li-Fi assisted model calibration in smart buildings. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Ou, G., Peng, A., Zheng, L., and Shi, J. (2018). An INS\/WiFi indoor localization system based on the Weighted Least Squares. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051458"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Wu, K., Yi, Y., and Ni, L.M. (August, January 30). FIFS: Fine-Grained Indoor Fingerprinting System. Proceedings of the 2012 21st International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks ICCCN, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2012.6289200"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1145\/2543581.2543592","article-title":"From RSSI to CSI: Indoor localization via channel response","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhartia, A., Chen, Y.C., Rallapalli, S., and Qiu, L. (2011, January 19\u201323). Harnessing frequency diversity in wi-fi networks. Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2030613.2030642"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yi, Y., Gao, M., and Ni, L.M. (2012, January 25\u201330). Fila: Fine-grained indoor localization. Proceedings of the INFOCOM, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2012.6195606"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Vasisht, D., Kumar, S., and Katabi, D. (2016, January 16\u201318). Decimeter-Level Localization with a Single WiFi Access Point. Proceedings of the Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation NSDI, Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotaru, M., Joshi, K., Bharadia, D., and Katti, S. (2015, January 17\u201321). Spotfi: Decimeter level localization using wifi. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787487"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, S., Radunovic, B., Choudhury, R.R., and Minka, T. (2012, January 25\u201329). You are facing the Mona Lisa: Spot localization using PHY layer information. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, Low Wood Bay, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307654"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2558659","article-title":"CSI phase fingerprinting for indoor localization with a deep learning approach","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2015.07.002","article-title":"CSI-MIMO: An efficient Wi-Fi fingerprinting using channel state information with MIMO","volume":"23","author":"Chapre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"763","article-title":"CSI-based fingerprinting for indoor localization: A deep learning approach","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2688362","article-title":"BiLoc: Bi-Modal Deep Learning for Indoor Localization With Commodity 5GHz WiFi","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858005","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001418580053","article-title":"Amp-Phi: A CSI-Based Indoor Positioning System","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Hu, B., and Chen, H. (2018). A High Accuracy Time-Reversal Based WiFi Indoor Localization Approach with a Single Antenna. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103437"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33256","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903487","article-title":"Deep Learning-Based Indoor Localization Using Received Signal Strength and Channel State Information","volume":"7","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Chen, Y., Lai, H.Q., Han, Y., and Liu, K.R. (2016, January 20\u201325). High accuracy indoor localization: A WiFi-based approach. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7472878"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.2600734","article-title":"Indoor global positioning system with centimeter accuracy using Wi-Fi [applications corner]","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2017.2679725","article-title":"Passive indoor localization based on csi and naive bayes classification","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"IEEE Std. (2018, March 23). 802.11n-2009: Enhancements for Higher Throughput. Available online: http:\/\/www.ieee802.org."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Jang, M., Kim, D., Kim, Y., and Kim, J. (2017, January 8\u201310). Automated dance motion evaluation using dynamic time warping and Laban movement analysis. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1145\/1925861.1925870","article-title":"Tool release: Gathering 802.11 n traces with channel state information","volume":"41","author":"Halperin","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/1984\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T08:56:06Z","timestamp":1718614566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/1984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s19091984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19091984","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]]}}}