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{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T10:18:58Z","timestamp":1725617938550},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N001613WX20992"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"This work used a low-cost wireless electroencephalography (EEG) headset to quantify the human response to different cognitive stress states on a single-trial basis. We used a Stroop-type color\u2013word interference test to elicit mild stress responses in 18 subjects while recording scalp EEG. Signals recorded from thirteen scalp locations were analyzed using an algorithm that computes the root mean square voltages in the theta (4\u20138 Hz), alpha (8\u201313 Hz), and beta (13\u201330 Hz) bands immediately following the initiation of Stroop stimuli; the mean of the Teager energy in each of these three bands; and the wideband EEG signal line-length and number of peaks. These computational features were extracted from the EEG signals on thirteen electrodes during each stimulus presentation and used as inputs to logistic regression, quadratic discriminant analysis, and k-nearest neighbor classifiers. Two complementary analysis methodologies indicated classification accuracies over subjects of around 80% on a balanced dataset for the logistic regression classifier when information from all electrodes was taken into account simultaneously. Additionally, we found evidence that stress responses were preferentially time-locked to stimulus presentation, and that certain electrode\u2013feature combinations worked broadly well across subjects to distinguish stress states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T16:30:00Z","timestamp":1548433800000},"page":"499","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Single-Trial Cognitive Stress Classification Using Portable Wireless Electroencephalography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Justin A.","family":"Blanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Ann C.","family":"Vanleer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA"}]},{"given":"Taylor K.","family":"Calibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA"}]},{"given":"Samara L.","family":"Firebaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(97)00049-4","article-title":"The stress of Stroop performance: Physiological and emotional responses to color-word interference, task pacing, and pacing speed","volume":"27","author":"Renaud","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1969.10543502","article-title":"The color-word interference test: The effects of varied color-word combinations upon verbal response latency","volume":"72","author":"Sichel","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calibo, T.K., Blanco, J.A., and Firebaugh, S.L. (2013, January 6\u20139). Cognitive stress recognition. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2013.6555658"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Staal, M. (2004). 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