{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T10:43:31Z","timestamp":1742640211054,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013297","name":"Eurostars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-9655-COMFORT"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001858","name":"VINNOVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015-04159","2017-03568"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001729","name":"Stiftelsen f\u00f6r\u00a0Strategisk Forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RIT17-0020"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001729","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["eSSENCE"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the use of fat tissue as a communication channel between in-body, implanted devices at R-band frequencies (1.7\u20132.6 GHz). The proposed fat channel is based on an anatomical model of the human body. We propose a novel probe that is optimized to efficiently radiate the R-band frequencies into the fat tissue. We use our probe to evaluate the path loss of the fat channel by studying the channel transmission coefficient over the R-band frequencies. We conduct extensive simulation studies and validate our results by experimentation on phantom and ex-vivo porcine tissue, with good agreement between simulations and experiments. We demonstrate a performance comparison between the fat channel and similar waveguide structures. Our characterization of the fat channel reveals propagation path loss of \u223c0.7 dB and \u223c1.9 dB per cm for phantom and ex-vivo porcine tissue, respectively. These results demonstrate that fat tissue can be used as a communication channel for high data rate intra-body networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T15:12:42Z","timestamp":1534864362000},"page":"2752","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Characterization of the Fat Channel for Intra-Body Communication at R-Band Frequencies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6899-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor Badariah","family":"Asan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwaves in Medical Engineering Group, Solid State Electronics, Department of Engineering Sciences, \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1318-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emadeldeen","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Science, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Velander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwaves in Medical Engineering Group, Solid State Electronics, Department of Engineering Sciences, \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5796-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syaiful Redzwan","family":"Mohd Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwaves in Medical Engineering Group, Solid State Electronics, Department of Engineering Sciences, \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Noreland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Science, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3601-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taco J.","family":"Blokhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Eddie","family":"Wadbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Science, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0473-3263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Berggren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Science, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-8573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiemo","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2876-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwaves in Medical Engineering Group, Solid State Electronics, Department of Engineering Sciences, \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. 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