{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T17:33:31Z","timestamp":1719682411642},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C","award":["MOST 105-2221-E-008-068-MY2"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"All drivers have their own distinct driving habits, and usually hold and operate the steering wheel differently in different driving scenarios. In this study, we proposed a novel Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based method that can improve the traditional GMM in modeling driving behavior. This new method can be applied to build a better driver authentication system based on the accelerometer and orientation sensor of a smartwatch. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, we created an experimental system that analyzes driving behavior using the built-in sensors of a smartwatch. The experimental results for driver authentication\u2014an equal error rate (EER) of 4.62% in the simulated environment and an EER of 7.86% in the real-traffic environment\u2014confirm the feasibility of this approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T09:26:37Z","timestamp":1522315597000},"page":"1007","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel GMM-Based Behavioral Modeling Approach for Smartwatch-Based Driver Authentication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1209-6295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Han","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, drliang@csie.ncu.edu.tw<\/email>"},{"name":"Software Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chin-Chun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan, cvml@mail.ntou.edu.tw<\/email>"}]},{"given":"Deron","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, drliang@csie.ncu.edu.tw<\/email>"},{"name":"Software Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Igarashi, K., Miyajima, C., Itou, K., Takeda, K., Itakura, F., and Abut, H. 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