{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:48:05Z","timestamp":1740149285434,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]],"date-time":"2017-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"To follow up the restenosis in arteries stented during an angioplasty is an important current clinical problem. A new approach to monitor the growth of neointimal tissue inside the stent is proposed on the basis of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensors and the oscillation-based test (OBT) circuit technique. A mathematical model was developed to analytically describe the histological composition of the neointima, employing its conductivity and permittivity data. The bioimpedance model was validated against a finite element analysis (FEA) using COMSOL Multiphysics software. A satisfactory correlation between the analytical model and FEA simulation was achieved in most cases, detecting some deviations introduced by the thin \u201cdouble layer\u201d that separates the neointima and the blood. It is hereby shown how to apply conformal transformations to obtain bioimpedance electrical models for stack-layered tissues over coplanar electrodes. Particularly, this can be applied to characterize the neointima in real-time. This technique is either suitable as a main mechanism for restenosis follow-up or it can be combined with proposed intelligent stents for blood pressure measurements to auto-calibrate the sensibility loss caused by the adherence of the tissue on the micro-electro-mechanical sensors (MEMSs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]],"date-time":"2017-07-28T14:14:34Z","timestamp":1501251274000},"page":"1737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Real-Time Electrical Bioimpedance Characterization of Neointimal Tissue for Stent Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7589-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rivas-Marchena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electromagnetism, Faculty of Physics, University of Seville, Av. Reina Mercedes sn, Seville 41012, Spain"},{"name":"Group of Microelectronics Engineering, Department of Electronics Technology, Systems Engineering and Automation, University of Cantabria, Santander 39005, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Olmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seville Institute of Microelectronics, Microelectronics National Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IMSE-CNM-CSIC), Av. Americo Vespuccio, sn, Seville 41092, Spain"},{"name":"Computer Engineering School (ETSII), University of Seville, Av. Reina Mercedes sn, Seville 41012, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Microelectronics Engineering, Department of Electronics Technology, Systems Engineering and Automation, University of Cantabria, Santander 39005, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Microelectronics Engineering, Department of Electronics Technology, Systems Engineering and Automation, University of Cantabria, Santander 39005, Spain"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Huertas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electromagnetism, Faculty of Physics, University of Seville, Av. Reina Mercedes sn, Seville 41012, Spain"},{"name":"Seville Institute of Microelectronics, Microelectronics National Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IMSE-CNM-CSIC), Av. Americo Vespuccio, sn, Seville 41092, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1814-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Y\u00fafera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seville Institute of Microelectronics, Microelectronics National Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IMSE-CNM-CSIC), Av. Americo Vespuccio, sn, Seville 41092, Spain"},{"name":"Computer Engineering School (ETSII), University of Seville, Av. Reina Mercedes sn, Seville 41012, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)\/European Union (EU) (2016). Health at a Glance: Europe 2016: State of Health in the EU Cycle, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw334","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in Europe: Epidemiological update","volume":"37","author":"Townsend","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2041058","article-title":"Fully wireless implantable cardiovascular pressure monitor integrated with a medical stent","volume":"57","author":"Chow","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2196275","article-title":"Identification of hemodynamically optimal coronary stent designs based on vessel caliber","volume":"59","author":"Gundert","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1387-3","article-title":"Hemodynamics in idealized stented coronary arteries: Important stent design considerations","volume":"44","author":"Beier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1483-4","article-title":"Hemodynamics and flow modification stents for peripheral arterial disease: A review","volume":"44","author":"Kokkalis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.10.1215","article-title":"Comparison of a polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent with a bare metal stent in patients with complex coronary artery disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"294","author":"Stone","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.10.909","article-title":"In-stent neoatherosclerosis: A final common pathway of late stent failure","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2016.07.004","article-title":"A novel computer-assisted design tool for implantable MEMS pressure sensors","volume":"46","author":"Miguel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivas-Marchena, D., Miguel, J.A., Lechuga, Y., Allende, M.A., and Martinez, M. (2015, January 25\u201329). Energy-efficient implantable transmitter for restenosis monitoring with intelligent-stents. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319103"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Rivas-Marchena, D. (2016). Caracterizaci\u00f3n de Bioimpedancia para la Calibraci\u00f3n de Sensores de Presi\u00f3n Capacitivos MEMS en Aplicaciones Cardiovasculares. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Seville]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-004-0501-8","article-title":"In vivo intravascular electric impedance spectroscopy using a new catheter with integrated microelectrodes","volume":"100","author":"Thielecke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.01.059","article-title":"A novel impedance-based tomography approach for stenotic plaque detection: A simulation study","volume":"144","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046020","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/4\/046020","article-title":"Chronic impedance spectroscopy of an endovascular stent-electrode array","volume":"13","author":"Opie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.06.073","article-title":"Towards a self-reporting coronary artery stent\u2014Measuring neointimal growth associated with in-stent restenosis using electrical impedance techniques","volume":"26","author":"Shedden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"164","article-title":"The bio-oscillator: A circuit for cell-culture assays","volume":"62","author":"Huertas","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1683413","article-title":"Four-electrode null techniques for impedance measurement with high resolution","volume":"39","author":"Schwan","year":"1968","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimnes, S., and Martinsen, \u00d8.G. (2014). Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics, Elsevier. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411470-8.00011-8"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(01)00709-8","article-title":"Interpretation and prediction of triple-layer model capacitances and the structure of the oxide-electrolyte-water interface","volume":"65","author":"Sverjensky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14858","DOI":"10.3390\/s140814858","article-title":"Implantable Impedance Plethysmography","volume":"14","author":"Theodor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2003.815873","article-title":"Revisiting the partial-capacitance approach to the analysis of coplanar transmission lines on multilayered substrates","volume":"51","author":"Ghione","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.09.033","article-title":"Extension to the analytical model of the interdigital electrodes capacitance for a multi-layared structure","volume":"172","author":"Igreja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.02.088","article-title":"Modelling the capacitance of multi-layer conductor-facing interdigitated electrode structures","volume":"213","author":"Blume","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(MATLAB Software\u00ae, 2000). MATLAB Software\u00ae, version 6.0."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel, C., and Gabriel, S. (2016, July 12). Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies, 1996. Available online: http:\/\/niremf.ifac.cnr.it\/docs\/DIELECTRIC\/Report.html.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA303903"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(COMSOL Multiphysics\u00ae, 2011). COMSOL Multiphysics\u00ae, version 5.2."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Olmo, A., and Y\u00fafera, A. (2010, January 20\u201323). Computer simulation of microelectrode based bio-impedance measurements with COMSOL. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices, Valencia, Spain."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1737\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T05:19:09Z","timestamp":1717823949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s17081737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17081737","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]]}}}